The efficiency of written final exam questions in mathematics based on voluntary data reports, 2012-2015

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Chromatin Evolution-Key Innovations Underpinning Morphological Complexity

The history of life consists of a series of major evolutionary transitions, including emergence and radiation of complex multicellular eukaryotes from unicellular ancestors. The cells of multicellular organisms, with few exceptions, contain the same genome, however, their organs are composed of a variety of cell types that differ in both structure and function. This variation is largely due to the transcriptional activity of different sets of genes in different cell types. This indicates that complex transcriptional regulation played a key role in the evolution of complexity in eukaryotes. In this review, we summarize how gene duplication and subsequent evolutionary innovations, including the structural evolution of nucleosomes and chromatin-related factors, contributed to the complexity of the transcriptional system and provided a basis for morphological diversity

Fuzzy logic in automotive engineering

Nowadays, automotive industry gains more and more importance due to the innovative technology use in design and manufacturing. This branch consists of several manufacturer and supplier companies. The aim of each car manufacturer company is to provide the perfect driving experience for the customers. Fuzzy logic aids to design guality products for increasing the comfort of drivers. In our study, we present a variety of automotive applications, which use fuzzy logic

Chromatin Evolution-Key Innovations Underpinning Morphological Complexity

The history of life consists of a series of major evolutionary transitions, including emergence and radiation of complex multicellular eukaryotes from unicellular ancestors. The cells of multicellular organisms, with few exceptions, contain the same genome, however, their organs are composed of a variety of cell types that differ in both structure and function. This variation is largely due to the transcriptional activity of different sets of genes in different cell types. This indicates that complex transcriptional regulation played a key role in the evolution of complexity in eukaryotes. In this review, we summarize how gene duplication and subsequent evolutionary innovations, including the structural evolution of nucleosomes and chromatin-related factors, contributed to the complexity of the transcriptional system and provided a basis for morphological diversity

SELENOPROTEIN O is a chloroplast protein involved in ROS scavenging and its absence increases dehydration tolerance in Arabidopsis thaliana

The evolutionary conserved family of Selenoproteins performs redox-regulatory functions in bacteria, archaea and eukaryotes. Among them, members of the SELENOPROTEIN O (SELO) subfamily are located in mammalian and yeast mitochondria, but their functions are thus far enigmatic. Screening of T-DNA knockout mutants for resistance to the proline analogue thioproline (T4C), identified mutant alleles of the plant SELO homologue in Arabidopsis thaliana. Absence of SELO resulted in a stress-induced transcriptional activation instead of silencing of mitochondrial proline dehydrogenase, and also high elevation of Delta(1)-pyrroline-5-carboxylate dehydrogenase involved in degradation of proline, thereby alleviating T4C inhibition and lessening drought-induced proline accumulation. Unlike its animal homologues, SELO was localized to chloroplasts of plants ectopically expressing SELO-GFP. The protein was co-fractionated with thylakoid membrane complexes, and co-immunoprecipitated with FNR, PGRL1 and STN7, all involved in regulating PSI and downstream electron flow. The selo mutants displayed extended survival under dehydration, accompanied by longer photosynthetic activity, compared with wild-type plants. Enhanced expression of genes encoding ROS scavenging enzymes in the unstressed selo mutant correlated with higher oxidant scavenging capacity and reduced methyl viologen damage. The study elucidates SELO as a PSI-related component involved in regulating ROS levels and stress responses

The Arabidopsis Zinc Finger Protein 3 interferes with ABA and light signaling in seed germination and plant development

Seed germination is controlled by environmental signals, including light and endogenous phytohormones. Abscisic acid (ABA) inhibits, whereas gibberellin promotes, germination and early seedling development, respectively. Here, we report that ZFP3, a nuclear C2H2 zinc finger protein, acts as a negative regulator of ABA suppression of seed germination in Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana). Accordingly, regulated overexpression of ZFP3 and the closely related ZFP1, ZFP4, ZFP6, and ZFP7 zinc finger factors confers ABA insensitivity to seed germination, while the zfp3 zfp4 double mutant displays enhanced ABA susceptibility. Reduced expression of several ABA-induced genes, such as RESPONSIVE TO ABSCISIC ACID18 and transcription factor ABSCISIC ACID-INSENSITIVE4 (ABI4), in ZFP3 overexpression seedlings suggests that ZFP3 negatively regulates ABA signaling. Analysis of ZFP3 overexpression plants revealed multiple phenotypic alterations, such as semidwarf growth habit, defects in fertility, and enhanced sensitivity of hypocotyl elongation to red but not to far-red or blue light. Analysis of genetic interactions with phytochrome and abi mutants indicates that ZFP3 enhances red light signaling by photoreceptors other than phytochrome A and additively increases ABA insensitivity conferred by the abi2, abi4, and abi5 mutations. These data support the conclusion that ZFP3 and the related ZFP subfamily of zinc finger factors regulate light and ABA responses during germination and early seedling development

Új lehetőségek és elképzelések a vidékfejlesztésben és a fejlesztéspolitikában

A vidékfejlesztési szakpolitika egyre inkább felértékelődik. Úgy gondoljuk, a vidékfejlesztést nem csak agrár-megközelítésből kell szemlélni. Az EU komolyan veszi a vidéken élők problémáit, és az életszínvonal növelésére törekszik. A KAP reformok segítenek a vidéki fejlesztéspolitika térnyerésében és a vidék fejlődésének gyors és pozitív változásában. Napjainkban globális versenyről beszélhetünk. Ennek jellemzői a következők: - a kereskedelem nemzetközivé válása, - a termelés és a tőkeáramlás világméretű növekedése, - az innovációs folyamatok globalizációja. Lengyel (2003) szerint ezek a fő jellemzők, mely ismeretekkel helytállhatunk a globális versenyben. Úgy gondoljuk, csak a tudásalapú társadalom fejlődési pályáján lehetünk sikeresek. Magyarország fejlődése a természeti erőforrások használatára épül. A falusi termelés mellett az energetikai célú termelés, valamint az integrált és az ökológiai gazdálkodás is elképzelhető. Indokolt a zöldség-gyümölcs termelés és az állattenyésztés fejlesztése. Nagyon fontos a foglalkoztatás növelése és a népességmegtartás. A vidékfejlesztés szerepe térben és időben változó. A változások áttekintése fontos, hogy az ismeretek birtokában a vidéki területek fejlődése nagyobb lendülettel folytatódjon. A versenyképességre ható tényezőket sok szerző elemezte. Említhető Csath (2019), Szűcs – Marselek (2019), Chikán A. (2017), Holló – Marselek (2016) munkássága. A falvak fejlesztése során fontos szempontokat kell figyelembe venni. Rövid áttekintésünkben csak néhány, a kutatással összefüggő területre utalunk. Ilyenek pl.: a földhasználat kérdése, a mező- és vidékgazdaság helyzete, az agrár-versenyképesség, a környezetvédelem, az öntözés és vízvédelem, a zöld gazdaság és a körforgásos gazdaság