Sector Industrial y Construcción Nicaragüense : Análisis de la dinamica de los inversionistas en obras públicas urbanas del Municipio de Managua,Nicaragua, periodo 2012-2016

Las ciencias políticas hacen una distinción entre los términos, Nación, Estado y Gobierno. Por nación debe de entenderse como una población asentada en un territorio, identificado por un lenguaje y una cultura, con un sentido de identidad diferenciado de otras naciones. La nación se refiere a la gente, a la sociedad civil. Es el conjunto de ciudadanos que elige, configura y controla la esfera política, es decir, el Estado y también el gobierno. Pero es, además, el sentimiento de pertenencia a una cultura, a una historia, a un pueblo particular. Por Estado se debe de entender como el conjunto de instituciones públicas que regulan la vida de un país, que se instituye sobre los intereses y voluntades particulares. Así, el Estado es la organización política soberana de una sociedad establecida en un territorio determinado, bajo un régimen jurídico, con independencia y autodeterminación, con órganos de gobierno y de administración. La noción de Estado cuenta, según Méndez y Molinero (1984), con dos componentes básicos: el de territorialidad o control de un espacio determinado y el de sociedad o comunidad organizada políticamente. Para Ignacio Molina (1998), el Estado es un concepto central de la Ciencia Política que designa la forma de organización jurídico-política por antonomasia. Surge en paralelo a la idea de soberanía y, etimológicamente, supone la plasmación “estática” de ésta. El Estado, pues, sería la formalización de una autoridad permanente y pública que domina un espacio territorial cerrado y a las personas que en él viven

Percepción y significación de la violencia a partir del impacto de las noticias locales relativas al lugar de residencia en jóvenes de educación secundaria

El tema de violencia escolar ha sido considerado de alto interés por lo cual es necesaria una reflexión más profunda de lo que ocurre en sus entornos sociales. El presente artículo plantea resultados de investigación de un proyecto de impacto estatal sobre las formas de percibir la violencia, especialmente en jóvenes. En éste documento se presenta la percepción y el significado que los jóvenes de educación secundaria le imprimen a las noticias locales, así como el impacto que les genera. Es cualitativo de enfoque fenomenológico, se empleó un instrumento cualitativo proyectivo y de preguntas abiertas, así como el análisis de las noticias locales en los años 2017 – 2018. Se aplicó a 246 estudiantes de secundaria de Xalisco Nayarit

Hepatitis C virus molecular evolution: Transmission, disease progression and antiviral therapy

Hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection represents an important public health problem worldwide. Reduction of HCV morbidity and mortality is a current challenge owned to several viral and host factors. Virus molecular evolution plays an important role in HCV transmission, disease progression and therapy outcome. The high degree of genetic heterogeneity characteristic of HCV is a key element for the rapid adaptation of the intrahost viral population to different selection pressures (e.g., host immune responses and antiviral therapy). HCV molecular evolution is shaped by different mechanisms including a high mutation rate, genetic bottlenecks, genetic drift, recombination, temporal variations and compartmentalization. These evolutionary processes constantly rearrange the composition of the HCV intrahost population in a staging manner. Remarkable advances in the understanding of the molecular mechanism controlling HCV replication have facilitated the development of a plethora of direct-acting antiviral agents against HCV. As a result, superior sustained viral responses have been attained. The rapidly evolving field of anti-HCV therapy is expected to broad its landscape even further with newer, more potent antivirals, bringing us one step closer to the interferon-free era.Fil: Preciado, María Victoria. Gobierno de la Ciudad de Buenos Aires. Hospital General de Niños ; Argentina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; ArgentinaFil: Valva, Pamela. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; Argentina. Gobierno de la Ciudad de Buenos Aires. Hospital General de Niños ; ArgentinaFil: Escobar Gutierrez, Alejandro. Instituto de Diagnóstico y Referencia Epidemiológicos; MéxicoFil: Rahal, Paula. Universidade Estadual Paulista Julio de Mesquita Filho; BrasilFil: Ruiz Tovar, Karina. Instituto de Diagnóstico y Referencia Epidemiológicos; MéxicoFil: Yamasaki, Lilian. Universidade Estadual Paulista Julio de Mesquita Filho; BrasilFil: Vazquez Chacon, Carlos. Instituto de Diagnóstico y Referencia Epidemiológicos; MéxicoFil: Martinez Guarneros, Armando. Instituto de Diagnóstico y Referencia Epidemiológicos; MéxicoFil: Carpio Pedroza, Juan Carlos. Instituto de Diagnóstico y Referencia Epidemiológicos; MéxicoFil: Fonseca Coronado, Salvador. Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México; MéxicoFil: Cruz Rivera, Mayra. Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México; Méxic

Is ultra-violet radiation the main force shaping molecular evolution of varicella-zoster virus?

<p>Abstract</p> <p>Background</p> <p>Varicella (chickenpox) exhibits a characteristic epidemiological pattern which is associated with climate. In general, primary infections in tropical regions are comparatively less frequent among children than in temperate regions. This peculiarity regarding varicella-zoster virus (VZV) infection among certain age groups in tropical regions results in increased susceptibility during adulthood in these regions. Moreover, this disease shows a cyclic behavior in which the number of cases increases significantly during winter and spring. This observation further supports the participation of environmental factors in global epidemiology of chickenpox. However, the underlying mechanisms responsible for this distinctive disease behavior are not understood completely. In a recent publication, Philip S. Rice has put forward an interesting hypothesis suggesting that ultra-violet (UV) radiation is the major environmental factor driving the molecular evolution of VZV.</p> <p>Discussion</p> <p>While we welcomed the attempt to explain the mechanisms controlling VZV transmission and distribution, we argue that Rice's hypothesis takes lightly the circulation of the so called "temperate VZV genotypes" in tropical regions and, to certain degree, overlooks the predominance of such lineages in certain non-temperate areas. Here, we further discuss and present new information about the overwhelming dominance of temperate VZV genotypes in Mexico regardless of geographical location and climate.</p> <p>Summary</p> <p>UV radiation does not satisfactorily explain the distribution of VZV genotypes in different tropical and temperate regions of Mexico. Additionally, the cyclic behavior of varicella does not shown significant differences between regions with different climates in the country. More studies should be conducted to identify the factors directly involved in viral spreading. A better understanding of the modes of transmissions exploited by VZV and their effect on viral fitness is likely to facilitate the implementation of preventive measures for disease control.</p

How is the perception of the certified organic food benefits in a population from Estado de México region

Objective: To study and understand the population's perception in a region of the Estado de Mexico about the role of certified organic food in health and the environment, as well as the economic impact generated by its consumption. Desing/methodology/approach: A survey was conducted among a population sample of 10 municipalities in the Estado de Mexico, which consisted of seven questions related to certified organic food. Results: The population has an idea about what certified organic food is, although they confuse it with other types of food.&nbsp; Study limitations/ implications: Results were obtained from an e-mail survey because this study was conducted during the current 2020-2021 pandemic. Findings/conclusion: The information obtained suggests that the population has a great perception about the intake of certified organic food, but there is confusion about other types of food. However, the population is willing to consume them because of their potential health and environment benefits

Impact of COVID-19 on cardiovascular testing in the United States versus the rest of the world

Objectives: This study sought to quantify and compare the decline in volumes of cardiovascular procedures between the United States and non-US institutions during the early phase of the coronavirus disease-2019 (COVID-19) pandemic. Background: The COVID-19 pandemic has disrupted the care of many non-COVID-19 illnesses. Reductions in diagnostic cardiovascular testing around the world have led to concerns over the implications of reduced testing for cardiovascular disease (CVD) morbidity and mortality. Methods: Data were submitted to the INCAPS-COVID (International Atomic Energy Agency Non-Invasive Cardiology Protocols Study of COVID-19), a multinational registry comprising 909 institutions in 108 countries (including 155 facilities in 40 U.S. states), assessing the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on volumes of diagnostic cardiovascular procedures. Data were obtained for April 2020 and compared with volumes of baseline procedures from March 2019. We compared laboratory characteristics, practices, and procedure volumes between U.S. and non-U.S. facilities and between U.S. geographic regions and identified factors associated with volume reduction in the United States. Results: Reductions in the volumes of procedures in the United States were similar to those in non-U.S. facilities (68% vs. 63%, respectively; p = 0.237), although U.S. facilities reported greater reductions in invasive coronary angiography (69% vs. 53%, respectively; p < 0.001). Significantly more U.S. facilities reported increased use of telehealth and patient screening measures than non-U.S. facilities, such as temperature checks, symptom screenings, and COVID-19 testing. Reductions in volumes of procedures differed between U.S. regions, with larger declines observed in the Northeast (76%) and Midwest (74%) than in the South (62%) and West (44%). Prevalence of COVID-19, staff redeployments, outpatient centers, and urban centers were associated with greater reductions in volume in U.S. facilities in a multivariable analysis. Conclusions: We observed marked reductions in U.S. cardiovascular testing in the early phase of the pandemic and significant variability between U.S. regions. The association between reductions of volumes and COVID-19 prevalence in the United States highlighted the need for proactive efforts to maintain access to cardiovascular testing in areas most affected by outbreaks of COVID-19 infection

Correction: Cytokine, Antibody and Proliferative Cellular Responses Elicited by Taenia solium Calreticulin upon Experimental Infection in Hamsters.

Taenia solium causes two diseases in humans, cysticercosis and taeniosis. Tapeworm carriers are the main risk factor for neurocysticercosis. Limited information is available about the immune response elicited by the adult parasite, particularly the induction of Th2 responses, frequently associated to helminth infections. Calreticulin is a ubiquitous, multifunctional protein involved in cellular calcium homeostasis, which has been suggested to play a role in the regulation of immune responses. In this work, we assessed the effect of recombinant T. solium calreticulin (rTsCRT) on the cytokine, humoral and cellular responses upon experimental infection in Syrian Golden hamsters (Mesocricetus auratus). Animals were infected with T. solium cysticerci and euthanized at different times after infection. Specific serum antibodies, proliferative responses in mesenteric lymph nodes and spleen cells, as well as cytokines messenger RNA (mRNA) were analyzed. The results showed that one third of the infected animals elicited anti-rTsCRT IgG antibodies. Interestingly, mesenteric lymph node (MLN) cells from either infected or non-infected animals did not proliferate upon in vitro stimulation with rTsCRT. Additionally, stimulation with a tapeworm crude extract resulted in increased expression of IL-4 and IL-5 mRNA. Upon stimulation, rTsCRT increased the expression levels of IL-10 in spleen and MLN cells from uninfected and infected hamsters. The results showed that rTsCRT favors a Th2-biased immune response characterized by the induction of IL-10 in mucosal and systemic lymphoid organs. Here we provide the first data on the cytokine, antibody and cellular responses to rTsCRT upon in vitro stimulation during taeniasis