Plan de negocios para la creación de una empresa de llenado de aerosoles con gases no cloroflurocarbonados en la ciudad de Bogotá, en el año 2011

Administrador (a) de EmpresasPregrad

Reporte de Mercados Financieros - Segundo trimestre de 2023

Durante el segundo trimestre del año continuó la moderación de los elevados niveles de inflación favoreciendo a la deuda pública local y la de los pares de la región (Brasil, México, Chile y Perú). Por el contrario, ante una actividad económica más fuerte de lo anticipado en las economías desarrolladas, así como las expectativas en torno a una senda de política monetaria más contractiva, la deuda pública de estos países se desvalorizó. Los activos de mayor riesgo se vieron favorecidos por un aumento del apetito por riesgo. Las presiones inflacionarias a nivel global permanecen en niveles elevados, aunque siguieron presentando una tendencia a la baja, mientras que la actividad económica se mostró más resiliente de lo esperado. Los principales bancos centrales de economías desarrolladas continuaron con un ciclo de aumentos de tasa de interés, los mercados siguieron descontando mayores aumentos en lo que resta del año y los títulos de deuda pública se desvalorizaron. Los índices de precios al consumidor han continuado evidenciando una tendencia a la baja en la mayoría de los países, principalmente por menores presiones de oferta. Las expectativas de inflación de mercado también cayeron. Los activos de mayor riesgo, tales como las acciones, tuvieron un desempeño favorable por una mejora en el apetito por riesgo, que se había visto afectado el trimestre previo por los eventos adversos en la banca regional de EE. UU. y Credit Suisse en Europa, y posteriormente por la incertidumbre alrededor de las negociaciones del techo de la deuda en EE. UU. A nivel local, los agentes del mercado descuentan una finalización del ciclo de alzas de la tasa de interés del Banco de la República (Banrep) y los títulos de deuda pública se valorizaron. La deuda pública local presentó un comportamiento favorable, superior a los pares de la región, en línea con menores expectativas de inflación, así como unas perspectivas de la finalización del ciclo de aumentos en la tasa de política monetaria TMP) del Banrep y un aumento en el apetito por riesgo a nivel local. Los títulos de largo plazo tuvieron un mejor desempeño relativo a los de corto plazo y por ende la curva de rendimientos se aplanó. Los inversionistas extranjeros acentuaron su tendencia vendedora de títulos de deuda pública en moneda local. No obstante, se mantienen como los segundos mayores tenedores de estos activos, por detrás de los fondos de pensiones locales quienes han realizado compras importantes de estos títulos en lo corrido del año. El mercado monetario continuó operando de manera adecuada y el indicador bancario de referencia (IBR) overnight se ubicó muy cerca de la tasa de política monetaria establecida por la Junta Directiva del Banrep (JDBR), en parte debido a las facilidades con las que el Banrep provee liquidez al mercado. El Banco de la República ofreció repos a distintos plazos y realizó compras en el mercado de deuda pública con el objetivo de suministrar liquidez permanente a la economía y evitar que el IBR se desvíe de la tasa de política monetaria. En cuanto al mercado cambiario, el peso colombiano se apreció por encima de los pares de la región La tasa de cambio alcanzó niveles no observados desde mediados del año pasado, en línea con mayor apetito por riesgo local y flujos que influyeron en su comportamiento. No obstante, el nivel se mantiene desviado del exhibido por las monedas de los países pares de la región si se compara un horizonte de tiempo mayor. Recuadro 1: Factores que pueden incidir en la resistencia de la curva de rendimientos en Colombia a invertirse Aurores: Oscar David Botero Ramírez, Julián Camilo Mateus Gamboa y Cristhian Hernando Ruíz Cardozo Recuadro 2: Compras de activos por parte de los bancos centrales en respuesta a la crisis del Covid-19 Autor: Julián Camilo Mateus Gambo

Impact of COVID-19 on cardiovascular testing in the United States versus the rest of the world

Objectives: This study sought to quantify and compare the decline in volumes of cardiovascular procedures between the United States and non-US institutions during the early phase of the coronavirus disease-2019 (COVID-19) pandemic. Background: The COVID-19 pandemic has disrupted the care of many non-COVID-19 illnesses. Reductions in diagnostic cardiovascular testing around the world have led to concerns over the implications of reduced testing for cardiovascular disease (CVD) morbidity and mortality. Methods: Data were submitted to the INCAPS-COVID (International Atomic Energy Agency Non-Invasive Cardiology Protocols Study of COVID-19), a multinational registry comprising 909 institutions in 108 countries (including 155 facilities in 40 U.S. states), assessing the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on volumes of diagnostic cardiovascular procedures. Data were obtained for April 2020 and compared with volumes of baseline procedures from March 2019. We compared laboratory characteristics, practices, and procedure volumes between U.S. and non-U.S. facilities and between U.S. geographic regions and identified factors associated with volume reduction in the United States. Results: Reductions in the volumes of procedures in the United States were similar to those in non-U.S. facilities (68% vs. 63%, respectively; p = 0.237), although U.S. facilities reported greater reductions in invasive coronary angiography (69% vs. 53%, respectively; p < 0.001). Significantly more U.S. facilities reported increased use of telehealth and patient screening measures than non-U.S. facilities, such as temperature checks, symptom screenings, and COVID-19 testing. Reductions in volumes of procedures differed between U.S. regions, with larger declines observed in the Northeast (76%) and Midwest (74%) than in the South (62%) and West (44%). Prevalence of COVID-19, staff redeployments, outpatient centers, and urban centers were associated with greater reductions in volume in U.S. facilities in a multivariable analysis. Conclusions: We observed marked reductions in U.S. cardiovascular testing in the early phase of the pandemic and significant variability between U.S. regions. The association between reductions of volumes and COVID-19 prevalence in the United States highlighted the need for proactive efforts to maintain access to cardiovascular testing in areas most affected by outbreaks of COVID-19 infection

Análisis genético y bromatológico de mutantes de manzano (Malus x domestica Borkh) del cultivar golden delicius

The apple tree (Malus x domestica Borkh) is an important fruit tree in southern Coahuila, Mexico. For flowering, it requires an accumulated number of cold air units (CAUs) which the CAUs of the region do not achieve to reach, leading to a low production. Mutations have been detected in the region that require less CAUs. The objective of this work was to determine the genetic and bromatological differences of the southern Coahuila mutants. The bromatological analysis showed that the mutant Vigas I has a lower fiber content (4.91 g) and the highest sugar content (10.73 g), which provide it with marketing advantages. The analysis of amplified length fragment polymorphisms (AFLPs), showed a larger banding pattern with the combination [EcoRI (+ACC +AGG) / Msel (+CTA)]. This combination yielded 123 amplified, 100 % polymorphic bands. The mutant closer to the control was Vigas II, with a genetic distance of 0.16 units, while the mutant with the greatest difference was Primicia. The studied mutants might be an alternative to the CAU issue in some apple tree regions of the country.El manzano (Malus x domestica Borkh) es un frutal importante en el sur de Coahuila, México; que para su floración necesita la acumulación de unidades frío (UF), las cuales no se logran cubrir con las UF de la región, lo que ocasiona baja producción. En los últimos años en la región se han detectado mutaciones que necesitan menores UF. El objetivo del presente trabajo fue determinar diferencias genéticas y bromatológicas en los mutantes del sur de Coahuila. El análisis bromatológico mostró que el mutante Vigas I presentó el menor contenido de fibra (4.91 g) y el mayor contenido de azúcares (10.73 g), lo que le da ventajas comerciales. El análisis de polimorfismos en la longitud de fragmentos amplificados (AFLP's), mostró un mayor patrón de bandeado con la combinación: [EcoRI (+ACC +AGG) / Msel (+CTA)]. Obteniéndose con esta combinación 123 bandas amplificadas, las cuales fueron 100 % polimórficas. El mutante más parecido al control fue Vigas II con una distancia genética de 0.16 unidades, mientras que el mutante con mayor diferencia fue Primicia. Los mutantes estudiados pueden ser una alternativa a la problemática de UF de algunas regiones manzaneras de país

Análisis genético y bromatológico de mutantes de manzano (Malus x domestica Borkh) del cultivar golden delicius

The apple tree (Malus x domestica Borkh) is an important fruit tree in southern Coahuila, Mexico. For flowering, it requires an accumulated number of cold air units (CAUs) which the CAUs of the region do not achieve to reach, leading to a low production. Mutations have been detected in the region that require less CAUs. The objective of this work was to determine the genetic and bromatological differences of the southern Coahuila mutants. The bromatological analysis showed that the mutant Vigas I has a lower fiber content (4.91 g) and the highest sugar content (10.73 g), which provide it with marketing advantages. The analysis of amplified length fragment polymorphisms (AFLPs), showed a larger banding pattern with the combination [EcoRI (+ACC +AGG) / Msel (+CTA)]. This combination yielded 123 amplified, 100 % polymorphic bands. The mutant closer to the control was Vigas II, with a genetic distance of 0.16 units, while the mutant with the greatest difference was Primicia. The studied mutants might be an alternative to the CAU issue in some apple tree regions of the country.El manzano (Malus x domestica Borkh) es un frutal importante en el sur de Coahuila, México; que para su floración necesita la acumulación de unidades frío (UF), las cuales no se logran cubrir con las UF de la región, lo que ocasiona baja producción. En los últimos años en la región se han detectado mutaciones que necesitan menores UF. El objetivo del presente trabajo fue determinar diferencias genéticas y bromatológicas en los mutantes del sur de Coahuila. El análisis bromatológico mostró que el mutante Vigas I presentó el menor contenido de fibra (4.91 g) y el mayor contenido de azúcares (10.73 g), lo que le da ventajas comerciales. El análisis de polimorfismos en la longitud de fragmentos amplificados (AFLP's), mostró un mayor patrón de bandeado con la combinación: [EcoRI (+ACC +AGG) / Msel (+CTA)]. Obteniéndose con esta combinación 123 bandas amplificadas, las cuales fueron 100 % polimórficas. El mutante más parecido al control fue Vigas II con una distancia genética de 0.16 unidades, mientras que el mutante con mayor diferencia fue Primicia. Los mutantes estudiados pueden ser una alternativa a la problemática de UF de algunas regiones manzaneras de país

Tópicos de marketing

Lograr un equilibrio entre acciones humanas, armonía con la naturaleza, y satisfacer las necesidades del mercado actual sin poner en riesgo aquellos recursos que pudieran precisar las futuras generaciones, es lo importante de impulsar la aplicación del marketing sostenible en las organizaciones. Esto se logra a través de la elaboración de un plan de marketing sostenible que permitirá promover un consumo responsable a través de información clara y oportuna sobre los beneficios personales y sociales que genera la adquisición de productos sostenibles; implantar el reciclado a través de la logística de reversa, procedimiento que origina poca o nula generación de desechos, proporcionar empleos seguros, apoyar al medio ambiente y con responsabilidad social, son algunos beneficios que aporta. El presente capítulo tiene como objetivo proporcionar los principales aspectos que abordan el marketing sostenible, mostrar la importancia de la realización de este marketing para las empresas, así como aportar los pasos para desarrollar un plan de marketing sostenible

Reduction of cardiac imaging tests during the COVID-19 pandemic: The case of Italy. Findings from the IAEA Non-invasive Cardiology Protocol Survey on COVID-19 (INCAPS COVID)

Background: In early 2020, COVID-19 massively hit Italy, earlier and harder than any other European country. This caused a series of strict containment measures, aimed at blocking the spread of the pandemic. Healthcare delivery was also affected when resources were diverted towards care of COVID-19 patients, including intensive care wards. Aim of the study: The aim is assessing the impact of COVID-19 on cardiac imaging in Italy, compare to the Rest of Europe (RoE) and the World (RoW). Methods: A global survey was conducted in May–June 2020 worldwide, through a questionnaire distributed online. The survey covered three periods: March and April 2020, and March 2019. Data from 52 Italian centres, a subset of the 909 participating centres from 108 countries, were analyzed. Results: In Italy, volumes decreased by 67% in March 2020, compared to March 2019, as opposed to a significantly lower decrease (p &lt; 0.001) in RoE and RoW (41% and 40%, respectively). A further decrease from March 2020 to April 2020 summed up to 76% for the North, 77% for the Centre and 86% for the South. When compared to the RoE and RoW, this further decrease from March 2020 to April 2020 in Italy was significantly less (p = 0.005), most likely reflecting the earlier effects of the containment measures in Italy, taken earlier than anywhere else in the West. Conclusions: The COVID-19 pandemic massively hit Italy and caused a disruption of healthcare services, including cardiac imaging studies. This raises concern about the medium- and long-term consequences for the high number of patients who were denied timely diagnoses and the subsequent lifesaving therapies and procedures

International Impact of COVID-19 on the Diagnosis of Heart Disease

Background: The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic has adversely affected diagnosis and treatment of noncommunicable diseases. Its effects on delivery of diagnostic care for cardiovascular disease, which remains the leading cause of death worldwide, have not been quantified. Objectives: The study sought to assess COVID-19's impact on global cardiovascular diagnostic procedural volumes and safety practices. Methods: The International Atomic Energy Agency conducted a worldwide survey assessing alterations in cardiovascular procedure volumes and safety practices resulting from COVID-19. Noninvasive and invasive cardiac testing volumes were obtained from participating sites for March and April 2020 and compared with those from March 2019. Availability of personal protective equipment and pandemic-related testing practice changes were ascertained. Results: Surveys were submitted from 909 inpatient and outpatient centers performing cardiac diagnostic procedures, in 108 countries. Procedure volumes decreased 42% from March 2019 to March 2020, and 64% from March 2019 to April 2020. Transthoracic echocardiography decreased by 59%, transesophageal echocardiography 76%, and stress tests 78%, which varied between stress modalities. Coronary angiography (invasive or computed tomography) decreased 55% (p &lt; 0.001 for each procedure). In multivariable regression, significantly greater reduction in procedures occurred for centers in countries with lower gross domestic product. Location in a low-income and lower–middle-income country was associated with an additional 22% reduction in cardiac procedures and less availability of personal protective equipment and telehealth. Conclusions: COVID-19 was associated with a significant and abrupt reduction in cardiovascular diagnostic testing across the globe, especially affecting the world's economically challenged. Further study of cardiovascular outcomes and COVID-19–related changes in care delivery is warranted

Impact of COVID-19 on Diagnostic Cardiac Procedural Volume in Oceania: The IAEA Non-Invasive Cardiology Protocol Survey on COVID-19 (INCAPS COVID)

Objectives: The INCAPS COVID Oceania study aimed to assess the impact caused by the COVID-19 pandemic on cardiac procedure volume provided in the Oceania region. Methods: A retrospective survey was performed comparing procedure volumes within March 2019 (pre-COVID-19) with April 2020 (during first wave of COVID-19 pandemic). Sixty-three (63) health care facilities within Oceania that perform cardiac diagnostic procedures were surveyed, including a mixture of metropolitan and regional, hospital and outpatient, public and private sites, and 846 facilities outside of Oceania. The percentage change in procedure volume was measured between March 2019 and April 2020, compared by test type and by facility. Results: In Oceania, the total cardiac diagnostic procedure volume was reduced by 52.2% from March 2019 to April 2020, compared to a reduction of 75.9% seen in the rest of the world (p&lt;0.001). Within Oceania sites, this reduction varied significantly between procedure types, but not between types of health care facility. All procedure types (other than stress cardiac magnetic resonance [CMR] and positron emission tomography [PET]) saw significant reductions in volume over this time period (p&lt;0.001). In Oceania, transthoracic echocardiography (TTE) decreased by 51.6%, transoesophageal echocardiography (TOE) by 74.0%, and stress tests by 65% overall, which was more pronounced for stress electrocardiograph (ECG) (81.8%) and stress echocardiography (76.7%) compared to stress single-photon emission computerised tomography (SPECT) (44.3%). Invasive coronary angiography decreased by 36.7% in Oceania. Conclusion: A significant reduction in cardiac diagnostic procedure volume was seen across all facility types in Oceania and was likely a function of recommendations from cardiac societies and directives from government to minimise spread of COVID-19 amongst patients and staff. Longer term evaluation is important to assess for negative patient outcomes which may relate to deferral of usual models of care within cardiology