La caída en la prima salarial urbana y la tendencia en la desigualdad: evidencia para Brasil

In this paper, we use data from the National Household Survey (PNAD) for Brazil to investigate the dynamics of the urban wage premium and the relationship between the urban wage premium and inequality trends, and we find two main results. First, we find a decreasing urban wage premium over the period 2002-2009 using both OLS and quantile regression. Second, we show that the fall in the urban wage premium is more pronounced at the 90th percentile than at the 10th percentile. This finding suggests that the falling urban wage premium has contributed to the reduction in inequality observed in Brazil in the last decade.En este trabajo utilizamos datos de la encuesta de hogares brasileños, PNAD, entre 2002-2009, para investigar la dinámica de la prima salarial urbana, y más concretamente, la relación entre la prima salarial urbana y las tendencias de la desigualdad, llegando a dos conclusiones principales. En primer lugar, los resultados muestran que la prima urbana disminuye durante el periodo 2002-2009, tanto con MCO y regresión cuantílica. En segundo lugar, se concluye que la caída de la prima salarial urbana es más fuerte en el percentil 90 con respecto al percentil 10. Los resultados obtenidos sugieren que la caída de la prima del salario urbano ha contribuido a la reducción de la desigualdad observada en Brasil en la última década

Impacto das comunicações M2M em redes celulares de telecomunicações

Mestrado em Engenharia Electrónica e de TelecomunicaçõesAs comunicações Máquina-Máquina (M2M) apresentam um crescimento muito significativo e algumas projeções apontam para que esta tendência se acentue drasticamente ao longo dos próximos anos. O tráfego gerado por este tipo de comunicações tem caraterísticas muito diferentes do tráfego de dados, ou voz, que atualmente circula nas redes celulares de telecomunicações. Assim, é fundamental estudar as caraterísticas dos tipos de tráfego associados com comunicações M2M, por forma a compreender os efeitos que tais caraterísticas podem provocar nas redes celulares de telecomunicações. Esta dissertação procura identificar e estudar algumas das caraterísticas do tráfego M2M, com especial enfoque na sinalização gerada por serviços M2M. Como resultado principal deste trabalho surge o desenvolvimento de modelos que permitem a construção de uma ferramenta analítica de orquestração de serviços e análise de rede. Esta ferramenta permite orquestrar serviços e modelar padrões de tráfego numa rede UMTS, possibilitando uma análise simultânea aos efeitos produzidos no segmento core da mesma rede. Ao longo deste trabalho procura-se que a abordagem aos problemas apresentados permita que os resultados obtidos sejam válidos, ou adaptáveis, num âmbito mais abrangente do que apenas as comunicações M2M.Machine to Machine (M2M) communications present significant growth and some projections indicate that this trend is going to increase dramatically over the coming years. The traffic generated by this type of communication has very different characteristics when compared to data or voice traffic currently going through cellular telecommunications networks. Thus, it is essential to study the characteristics of traffic associated with M2M communications in order to understand the effects that its features can imply to cellular telecommunications networks. This dissertation tries to identify and study some of the characteristics of M2M traffic, with particular focus on signaling generated by M2M services. A number of models, that enable the development of an analytic tool for service orchestration and network analysis, are presented. This tool enables service orchestration and traffic modeling on a UMTS network, with simultaneous visualization of the impacts on the core of such network. The work presented in this document seeks to approach the problems at study in ways ensuring that its outcomes are valid for a wider scope than just M2M communications

Case on Fertilizer Inputs Negotiation

This study investigates a buyer-seller negotiation about the procurement of fertilizing inputs in the southern region of Brazil. The primary aim of this curriculum is to enhance the negotiation skills of business negotiators, academics, and practitioners. This finding was achieved via a singular case study including two contrasting parties and many topic domains. The primary findings of the study emphasize the need for improving integrative strategies, such as understanding the underlying interests of the opposing party and creating value, to achieve mutually advantageous agreements. The results of the research suggest that the observed consequences have the potential to be reproduced in other organizational settings, with a particular focus on power imbalances. The present investigation culminates in a comprehensive examination and suggestions for further scholarly inquiry

The impact of public investment on private investment in Brazil, 1947-1990

Includes bibliographyThis article analyses the impact of public investment on private investment. Apart from purely ideological aspects, two opposing interpretations may be distinguished with regard to the relationship between these variables. The first is that there is competition between public and private investment, so that the former "crowds out" the latter. The second is that public investment is complementary to private investment in so far that, by generating positive externalities, it creates favourable conditions for the latter. In view of the relative scarcity of empirical studies on this matter, this study deals with the case of the Brazilian economy in the period from 1947 to 1990. Its main conclusions are that private investment is indeed crowded out by public investment in the short term, but in the long term the coefficients of the cointegration vector indicate that these two variables complement each other

Gramsci e a crítica do Estado e do Direito

O presente trabalho teve como objeto uma breve investigação sobre os aportes teóricos fornecidos pela filosofia gramsciana para a compreensão do Estado e do Direito. Nesse esforço de perquirição, os materiais empregados foram, em suma, livros, que foram cotejados mediante o uso prevalente do método dialético, o qual permitiu explorar, sobretudo, as contradições existentes entre a semântica usualmente anunciada pelos conceitos de Estado e de Direito e os impactos práticos gerados por esses dois elementos superestruturais. Complementarmente, também houve o emprego do método dedutivo, na medida em que, para a obtenção dos resultados da pesquisa, foram manejadas premissas gerais que refletiram os próprios objetivos da investigação: expor a percepção de Marx a respeito do Estado e do Direito; aferir a contribuição de Gramsci ao conceito de sociedade civil; e destacar a visão gramsciana sobre o caráter conformista do Direito no seio de um Estado “educador”. Mediante a operacionalização dessa metodologia, os resultados principais foram dois: a insuficiência da universalidade abstrata como critério hermenêutico para a interpretação do Estado e do Direito; e a necessidade de um filtro crítico dos discursos propalados pelos agentes da sociedade civil

ANÁLISE DOS DETERMINANTES DO CONSUMO DE ÁGUA NOS MUNICÍPIOS BRASILEIROS, 2010 A 2015.

O trabalho estimou a demanda municipal por água utilizando a base de dados do Sistema Nacional de Informações sobre Saneamento (SNIS) entre 2010 e 2015, juntamente com o Produto Interno Bruto (PIB) per capita proveniente do Instituto Brasileiro de Geografia e Estatística (IBGE), no total foram utilizadas 28.431 observações, em um painel não balanceado com efeitos fixos, abrangendo no total 5.105 municípios. O valor estimado para a elasticidade preço, (-0,166), indica que a demanda é inelástica em relação ao preço. A elasticidade renda, (0,04), indica que um aumento de 1% no PIB per capita provoca o aumento de apenas 0,04% no consumo per capita de água. Já com relação às características das prestadoras, os municípios atendidos por prestadoras locais consomem, em média, 30,1% a mais de água do que os atendidos por prestadoras regionais. No que diz respeito à gestão, os municípios atendidos por prestadoras privadas consomem, em média, 10,3% menos água do que os atendidos por prestadoras públicas. Em relação às características operacionais selecionadas, os sinais encontrados estão de acordo com o esperado, mas os coeficientes apresentam valores baixos, indicando pouca relevância no consumo municipal de água

Cassava starch coatings for postharvest control of papaya anthracnose

The effects of coating papaya fruit (Carica papaya) with cassava starch were studied, to determine the best concentration and mode of action of this material in postharvest control of anthracnose. The concentrations of starch tested were 1%, 2%, 3% and 4%. These were prepared to give gel consistency. Surface sterilized papaya fruits were inoculated with conidia of Colletotrichum gloeosporioides and incubated for 48 h in a moisture chamber. The were then treated with cassava fruit gels and dried. During the following 14 d storage period, fruit maturation and anthracnose on the fruits were assessed, and electron microscopy was used to examine fruit epicarps. All cassava starch coating concentrations reduced fruit maturation and anthracnose, with the 2%, 3% or 4% coatings giving 100% disease control. The 2% starch coating is likely to be optimum, considering the lower cost efficiency of disease control. The mechanism of disease control provided by the coating is likely to be related to delay of ripening and the formation of a protective layer over the fruit

Micro-endoscopic ear anatomy of guinea pig applied to experimental surgery

PURPOSE:To describe topographic and endoscopic anatomy of guinea pig ear for development of surgical approaches in experimental studies.METHODS:Experimental study. Eight adult guinea pigs (Cavia porcellus) were used in this study. Four animals were described through endoscopic view and four animals were used to describe topographic anatomy.RESULTS:The main structures of middle ear were well identified through endoscopy view: oval and round window, ossicles and vascular structures. Temporal bone position, landmarks and its relations to skull are perceived with topographic description.CONCLUSION:Topographic anatomic description allowed exposition of temporal bone relations for external surgical approaches. Alternatively, grooves and middle ear structures were identified and may be used to transcanal accesses.Federal University of São PauloFederal University - São PauloFederal University of São Paulo Neck Surgery DepartmentUNIFESP, Neck Surgery DepartmentSciEL

Polymer Nanocomposites

The development of polymer nanocomposites has advanced, especially due to their new properties after nanoparticle incorporation. Many nanocomposites composed of synthetic polymers and/or biopolymers have been studied after incorporation of a diversity of nanoparticles, which differ in form, shape, surface area and chemical organization. In this chapter, some examples of nanocomposites based on poly-vinyl alcohol (PVA); polycarbonate (PC) and matrixes of dental resins are presented. These nanocomposites could be obtained by three basic methods: in situ polymerization, solution casting and melt extrusion. The best method is determined by the relation and route to the polymer-nanoparticle pair. The dispersion and distribution of nanoparticles in the polymer matrix is the key to obtaining new materials with synergism of compounds properties. This synergism depends on how strong is the intermolecular interaction between the polymer matrix and nanoparticles. The evaluation of new nano systems can be done by different techniques, usually microscopy, X-ray diffraction, thermal analysis and so on. Low-field NMR relaxometry has been used to evaluate polymer nanocomposites. This technique provides valuable information related to the interaction of the nanoparticles with the polymer matrix, and it also indicates the dispersion and distribution of these nanoparticles in the matrix

Quality of life of family caregivers of people with Down Syndrome

Objective: to analyze the perception of parents/caregivers of people with Down syndrome on quality of life. Methods: It is a qualitative study, which used for data collection semi-structured interviews with 10 caregiver parents of people with Down syndrome. To analyze the data, we used the content analysis technique. Results: It was observed that caregivers are mothers over the age of 30, who declared themselves as racially mixed (Pardo in Portuguese), live with a partner, practice some type of physical activity and attend any educational institution. Moreover, they had as main occupation the caregiver role. Caregivers reported that access to leisure; health; family relationships; general welfare; Material and rights were the factors that influence the quality of life. Conclusion: it was concluded that caregiver parents of people with Down syndrome had different views on the quality of life