1,725 research outputs found
Zirconium titanate ceramic pigments: Crystal structure, optical spectroscopy and technological properties
Srilankite-type zirconium titanate, a promising structure for ceramic pigments, was synthesized at 1400 degrees C following three main doping strategies: (a) ZrTi(1-x)A(x)O(4), (b) ZrTi(1-x-y)A(x)B(y)O(4) and (c) Zr1-xCTiO4 where A = Co, Cr, Fe, Mn. Ni or V (chromophores), B = Sb or W (counterions) and C = Pr (chromophore); x = y = 0.05. Powders were characterized by XRD with Rietveld refinements and DRS in the UV-visible-NIR range; technological properties were appraised in several ceramic matrices (frits, glazes and body). Zirconium titanate can be usefully coloured with first row transition elements, giving green and greenish yellow (Co and Ni); orange-buff (Cr and V); tan-brown hues (Mn and Fe). In industrial-like synthesis conditions, a disordered structure as (Zr,Ti)O-2, with both Zr and Ti randomly distributed in the octahedral site, is achieved. Doping with chromophores and counterions induces unit cell dimensions variation and causes an oversaturation in zirconium oxide. Optical spectroscopy reveals the occurrence of Co2+, Cr3+, Fe3+, Mn2+, Mn3+, Ni2+, V3+ and V4+. The zirconium titanate pigments fulfil current technological requirements for low-temperature applications, but exhibit a limited chemico-physical stability for higher firing temperature and in chemically aggressive media
Development of Lumped Element Kinetic Inductance Detectors for the W-Band
We are developing a Lumped Element Kinetic Inductance Detector (LEKID) array
able to operate in the W-band (75-110 GHz) in order to perform ground-based
Cosmic Microwave Background (CMB) and mm-wave astronomical observations. The
W-band is close to optimal in terms of contamination of the CMB from Galactic
synchrotron, free-free, and thermal interstellar dust. In this band, the
atmosphere has very good transparency, allowing interesting ground-based
observations with large (>30 m) telescopes, achieving high angular resolution
(<0.4 arcmin). In this work we describe the startup measurements devoted to the
optimization of a W-band camera/spectrometer prototype for large aperture
telescopes like the 64 m SRT (Sardinia Radio Telescope). In the process of
selecting the best superconducting film for the LEKID, we characterized a 40 nm
thick Aluminum 2-pixel array. We measured the minimum frequency able to break
CPs (i.e. ) obtaining
GHz, that corresponds to a critical temperature of 1.31 K. This is not suitable
to cover the entire W-band. For an 80 nm layer the minimum frequency decreases
to 93.2 GHz, which corresponds to a critical temperature of 1.28 K; this value
is still suboptimal for W-band operation. Further increase of the Al film
thickness results in bad performance of the detector. We have thus considered a
Titanium-Aluminum bi-layer (10 nm thick Ti + 25 nm thick Al, already tested in
other laboratories), for which we measured a critical temperature of 820 mK and
a cut-on frequency of 65 GHz: so this solution allows operation in the entire
W-band.Comment: 16th International Workshop on Low Temperature Detectors, Grenoble
20-24 July 2015, Journal of Low Temperature Physics, Accepte
High sensitivity phonon-mediated kinetic inductance detector with combined amplitude and phase read-out
The development of wide-area cryogenic light detectors with good energy
resolution is one of the priorities of next generation bolometric experiments
searching for rare interactions, as the simultaneous read-out of the light and
heat signals enables background suppression through particle identification.
Among the proposed technological approaches for the phonon sensor, the
naturally-multiplexed Kinetic Inductance Detectors (KIDs) stand out for their
excellent intrinsic energy resolution and reproducibility. To satisfy the large
surface requirement (several cm) KIDs are deposited on an insulating
substrate that converts the impinging photons into phonons. A fraction of
phonons is absorbed by the KID, producing a signal proportional to the energy
of the original photons. The potential of this technique was proved by the
CALDER project, that reached a baseline resolution of 1547 eV RMS by
sampling a 22 cm Silicon substrate with 4 Aluminum KIDs. In this
paper we present a prototype of Aluminum KID with improved geometry and quality
factor. The design improvement, as well as the combined analysis of amplitude
and phase signals, allowed to reach a baseline resolution of 824 eV by
sampling the same substrate with a single Aluminum KID
The role of counterions (Mo, Nb, Sb, W) in Cr-, Mn-, Ni- and V-doped rutile ceramic pigments - Part 1. Crystal structure and phase transformations
Rutile is widely used as ceramic pigment for its excellent optical properties, high melting point and intense coloration when doped with transition elements. Industrial ceramic pigments are manufactured from anatase Plus chromophore elements (Cr, Mn, Ni or V) and counterions (Nb, Sb or W). Several solid state reactions occur during the synthesis, involving both the anatase-to-rutile transformation (A --> R) and the formation of accessory phases. The A --> R transition is heavily affected by chromophores with a lowering of the onset temperature: V < Cr < Ni < Mn: the effect of counterions is almost completely hidden by that of chromophores, even if the sequence Mo < Sb < W < Nb may be inferred. The crystal structure of rutile pigments is modified by chromophores and counterions doping; in fact, the doping varies the cell parameters, implies a progressive distortion of the octahedral site and a peculiar variation of the mean Ti-O bond length, with longer basal Ti-O distances and a shorter apical Ti-O distance. The pigment co-doped with V and W is different for its minimum Ti-O bond length distortion (BLD), an almost regular TiO6 octahedron, and the occurrence of Ti3+ within the accessory compound Ti5O9
The Role of counterions (Mo, Nb, Sb, W) in Cr-, Mn-, Ni- and V-doped rutile ceramic pigments. Part 2. Colour and technological properties
Industrial rutile pigments are manufactured using several chromophores: Cr (giving an orange hue), Mn (tan), Ni (yellow) and V (gray); a second element, the so-called counterion (i.e. Mo, Sb, Nb or W) is always added in order to achieve the desired coloration and/or improve the technological properties (e.g. chemico-physical resistance in ceramic bodies and glazes). The colour of these pigments is determined by both metal-ligand charge transfer (Ti4+ <-> O2-) and crystal field effects (transition metals substituting Ti4+ in octahedral coordination). Though the absorbance bands are broad and frequently overlapped, the UV-vis-NIR spectra suggest the occurrence of Cr3+, Mn2+, Mn3+, Ni2+, V3+, and V4+ as chromophores. Rutile pigments are suitable for through-body (up to 1250 degrees C) and glaze applications (up to 1100 degrees C). The best coloration of porcelain stoneware bodies is achieved with Sb or W as counterions, though the higher stability is ensured by Sb, but in the Ti-Ni-W system. The best glaze colours are accomplished by W-bearing pigments, which however are less stable than Nb- or Sb-containing ones, except than for the V + W coupling. This latter represents a new and very interesting Co-free and Cr-free black pigment for low temperature applications
Crystal structural and optical properties of Cr-doped Y2Ti2O7 and Y2Sn2O7 pyrochlores
Pyrochlore-type [A(2)(VIII)B(2)(VI)O(6)O] rare earth stannates (PS) and titanates (PT), doped with increasing amounts of Cr, develop colours 2 2 ranging from magenta to brown. Combined X-ray and neutron diffraction data revealed that Cr solubility in both pyrochlores is very limited, i.e. 0.07 atoms/formula unit in PS and 0.06 atoms/formula unit in PT. A further increase in the Cr amount determines the formation of the YCrO3 perovskite. Diffuse reflectance spectroscopy data showed that the optical properties of Cr-doped yttrium titanates and stannates are rather similar, and that the final colour of the powders is due to the overlapping peaks of Cr4+ in the octahedral site of the pyrochlore and of Cr3+ in the ternary perovskite. The oxygen occupancy refinement showed that no anion vacancies are formed upon Cr substitution for Sn4+ or Ti4+, implying that such a charge compensation mechanism does not occur, confirming that the Cr in titanate and stannate pyrochlores is mainly in a tetravalent state
Erosive Wear Behavior of High-Chromium Cast Iron: Combined Effect of Erodent Powders and Destabilization Heat Treatments
High-chromium cast irons are frequently used in high-demanding applications, where low production costs and wear performance are key factors. The excellent abrasive resistance of these alloys results from the overall microstructural features, i.e., type, morphology, and distribution of hard primary and secondary carbides, along with the matrix constituents. Such a microstructure is the result of the chemical composition and solidification process, even though it could be further tuned by heat treatments. These latter are usually performed to destabilize the austenite and to induce the precipitation of secondary carbides. The present study investigates the combined effect of destabilization heat treatment route and erodent powder type on the erosive wear behavior of two commercial hypereutectic white cast irons. The as-received and the heat-treated materials were analyzed through optical and scanning electron microscopy, hardness tests, and X-ray diffraction to determine the relationship between microstructural variations and applied heat treatment. The erosive resistance was evaluated per the ASTM G76 standard in a purpose-built air blast test rig. Experiments were performed considering a raw meal powder, commonly used in cement factories, and Al2O3 as erodent powders. The adopted heat treatments were effective in increasing the overall hardness of the material, but this was not directly related to the erosion resistance. By contrast, the relative hardness ratio, i.e., erodent/target hardness, affects the erosion rate and different behaviors in relation to the softer/harder erodent particles were found
The influence of petrography, mineralogy and chemistry on burnability and reactivity of quicklime produced in Twin Shaft Regenerative (TSR) kilns from Neoarchean limestone (Transvaal Supergroup, South Africa)
This study evaluates the influence of chemical, mineralogical and petrographic features of the Neoarchean limestone from the Ouplaas Mine (Griqualand West, South Africa) on its burnability and quicklime reactivity, considering the main use as raw material for high-grade lime production in twin shaft regenerative (TSR) kilns. This limestone consists of laminated clotted peloidal micrite and fenestrate microbial boundstone with herringbone calcite and organic carbon (kerogen) within stylolites. Diagenetic modifications include hypidiotopic dolomite, micrite to microsparite recrystallization, stylolites, poikilotopic calcite, chert and saddle dolomite replacements. Burning and technical tests widely attest that the Neoarchean limestone is sensitive to high temperature, showing an unusual and drastically pronounced sintering or overburning tendency. The slaking reactivity, according to EN 459-2 is high for lime burnt at 1050 A degrees C, but rapidly decreases for lime burnt at 1150 A degrees C. The predominant micritic microbial textures, coupled with the organic carbon, are key-factors influencing the low burnability and the high sintering tendency. The presence of burial cementation, especially poikilotopic calcite, seems to promote higher burnability, either in terms of starting calcination temperature, or in terms of higher carbonate dissociation rate. In fact, the highest calcination velocity determined by thermal analysis is consistent with the highest slaking reactivity of the lower stratum of the quarry, enriched in poikilotopic calcite. Secondly, locally concentered dolomitic marly limestones, and sporadic back shales negatively affects the quicklime reactivity, as well. This study confirms that a multidisciplinary analytical approach is essential for selecting the best raw mix for achieving the highest lime reactivity in TSR kilns
Comparative analysis between subjective and instrumental quality assessment through advanced technology: a pilot study on tennis serve
The purpose of this study in the first instance is to evaluate objectively, with data provided by latest-generation
inertial sensors, the dynamic qualities of the technical-sporting gestures such as serve in tennis. Furthermore, the
possible correlation between the aforementioned data and the evaluation monitoring of the specialized technical
staff (Italian Tennis Federation qualified Coach) was assessed, in essence, a comparison between objective
instrumental data and quality technical analysis. The study is not based on probative statistical numbers, five
athletes, but the interest of the research is focused on establishing the validity, reliability and reproducibility of
the information deriving from the acquisition with inertial instrumentation in the sport of tennis. The work
seemed useful also by virtue of the fact that in the literature not many works have been produced on the subject
at the moment, and in any case not with the latest technologies as in our case (K-Track, K-Sport Universal, Stats
Perform, Montecchio PU, Italy). As mentioned, the research took into consideration the technical fundamental of
the serve, an element that has taken on more and more importance in modern tennis in the achievement of the
point and therefore in the result of the game. The serve is the stroke that marks the beginning of each point and
that can influence the continuance of the same. Moreover, due to the speed of the surfaces of the fields and the
game, the serve became in effect a substantial percentage of the final victory of the match. This is the basic
motivation that led us to analyse this fundamental and its biomechanical composition, however, highlighting
those elements that best qualify the gesture in a performative sense, trying to establish parameters that can be
considered helpful for the technical staff and for the tennis player,in order to improve their performance.
Keywords: IMU, tennis serve, comparative analysis, technical evaluation, professional evaluation, physical dat
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