850 research outputs found
Additions to the Mycosphaerella complex
Species in the present study were compared based on their morphology, growth characteristics in culture, and DNA sequences of the nuclear ribosomal RNA gene operon (including ITS1, ITS2, 5.8S nrDNA and the first 900 bp of the 28S nrDNA) for all species and partial actin and translation elongation factor 1-alpha gene sequences for Cladosporium species. New species of Mycosphaerella (Mycosphaerellaceae) introduced in this study include M. cerastiicola (on Cerastium semidecandrum, The Netherlands), and M. etlingerae (on Etlingera elatior, Hawaii). Mycosphaerella holualoana is newly reported on Hedychium coronarium (Hawaii). Epitypes are also designated for Hendersonia persooniae, the basionym of Camarosporula persooniae, and for Sphaerella agapanthi, the basionym of Teratosphaeria agapanthi comb. nov. (Teratosphaeriaceae) on Agapathus umbellatus from South Africa. The latter pathogen is also newly recorded from A. umbellatus in Europe (Portugal). Furthermore, two sexual species of Cladosporium (Davidiellaceae) are described, namely C. grevilleae (on Grevillea sp., Australia), and C. silenes (on Silene maritima, UK). Finally, the phylogenetic position of two genera are newly confirmed, namely Camarosporula (based on C. persooniae, teleomorph Anthracostroma persooniae), which is a leaf pathogen of Persoonia spp. in Australia, belongs to the Teratosphaeriaceae, and Sphaerulina (based on S. myriadea), which occurs on leaves of Fagaceae (Carpinus, Castanopsis, Fagus, Quercus), and belongs to the Mycosphaerellaceae
Cladosporium leaf-blotch and stem rot of Paeonia spp. caused by Dichocladosporium chlorocephalum gen. nov.
Cladosporium chlorocephalum (= C. paeoniae) is a common,
widespread leaf-spotting hyphomycete of peony (Paeonia spp.),
characterised by having dimorphic conidiophores. During the season, one stage
of this fungus causes distinct, necrotic leaf-blotch symptoms on living leaves
of Paeonia spp. In late autumn, winter or after overwintering, a
second morphologically distinct conidiophore type occurs on dead, blackish,
rotting stems. Conspecificity of the two morphs, previously proposed on the
basis of observations in culture, was supported by DNA sequence data from the
ITS and LSU gene regions, using cultures obtained from leaf-blotch symptoms on
living leaves, as well as from dead stems of Paeonia spp. Sequence
data were identical, indicating a single species with two morphs. On account
of its distinct conidiogenous loci and conidial hila, as well as its
sequence-based phylogenetic position separate from the
Davidiella/Cladosporium clade, the peony fungus has to be excluded
from Cladosporium s. str., but still belongs to the
Davidiellaceae (Capnodiales). The leaf-blotching
(cladosporioid) morph of this fungus morphologically resembles species of
Fusicladium, but differs in having dimorphic fruiting, and is
phylogenetically distant from the Venturiaceae. The macronematous
(periconioid) morph resembles Metulocladosporiella (Chaetothyriales),
but lacks rhizoid conidiophore hyphae, and has 0-5-septate conidia. Hence,
C. chlorocephalum is assigned to the new genus
Dichocladosporium
Multi-locus phylogeny of Pleosporales: a taxonomic, ecological and evolutionary re-evaluation
Five loci, nucSSU, nucLSU rDNA, TEF1, RPB1 and RPB2, are used for analysing 129 pleosporalean taxa representing 59 genera and 15 families in the current classification of Pleosporales. The suborder Pleosporineae is emended to include four families, viz. Didymellaceae, Leptosphaeriaceae, Phaeosphaeriaceae and Pleosporaceae. In addition, two new families are introduced, i.e. Amniculicolaceae and Lentitheciaceae. Pleomassariaceae is treated as a synonym of Melanommataceae, and new circumscriptions of Lophiostomataceae s. str, Massarinaceae and Lophiotrema are proposed. Familial positions of Entodesmium and Setomelanomma in Phaeosphaeriaceae, Neophaeosphaeria in Leptosphaeriaceae, Leptosphaerulina, Macroventuria and Platychora in Didymellaceae, Pleomassaria in Melanommataceae and Bimuria, Didymocrea, Karstenula and Paraphaeosphaeria in Montagnulaceae are clarified. Both ecological and morphological characters show varying degrees of phylogenetic significance. Pleosporales is most likely derived from a saprobic ancestor with fissitunicate asci containing conspicuous ocular chambers and apical rings. Nutritional shifts in Pleosporales likely occured from saprotrophic to hemibiotrophic or biotrophic
New foliicolous species of Cladosporium from South America
Two new species of Cladosporium found on necrotic needles of Pinus ponderosa trees in Patagonia, Argentina, are described as C. chubutense and C. pini-ponderosae. An additional isolate from dead leaves of Cortaderia collected in Colombia, which is a sister taxon to the species occurring on Pinus, is described as Cladosporium colombiae. These species are phylogenetically closely related, but differ from each other and other known species by multilocus sequence data, phenetic characters and culture characteristics
Phylogenetic diversity of insecticolous fusaria inferred from multilocus DNA sequence data and their molecular identification via FUSARIUM-ID and Fusarium MLST
We constructed several multilocus DNA sequence datasets to assess the phylogenetic diversity of insecticolous fusaria, especially focusing on those housed at the Agricultural Research Service Collection of Entomopathogenic Fungi (ARSEF), and to aid molecular identifications of unknowns via the FUSARIUM-ID and Fusarium MLST online databases and analysis packages. Analyses of a 190-taxon, two-locus dataset, which included 159 isolates from insects, indicated that: (i) insect-associated fusaria were nested within 10 species complexes spanning the phylogenetic breadth of Fusarium, (ii) novel, putatively unnamed insecticolous species were nested within 8/10 species complexes and (iii) Latin binomials could be applied with confidence to only 18/58 phylogenetically distinct fusaria associated with pest insects. Phylogenetic analyses of an 82-taxon, three-locus dataset nearly fully resolved evolutionary relationships among the 10 clades containing insecticolous fusaria. Multilocus typing of isolates within four species complexes identified surprisingly high genetic diversity in that 63/65 of the fusaria typed represented newly discovered haplotypes. The DNA sequence data, together with corrected ABI sequence chromatograms and alignments, have been uploaded to the following websites dedicated to identifying fusaria: FUSARIUM-ID (http://isolate.fusariumdb.org) a
Pseudovirgaria, a fungicolous hyphomycete genus
The genus Pseudovirgaria, based on P. hyperparasitica, was recently introduced for a mycoparasite of rust sori of various species of Frommeëlla, Pucciniastrum and Phragmidium in Korea. In the present study, an older name introduced by Saccardo based on European material, Rhinotrichum griseum, is shown to resemble P. hyperparasitica. Morphological study and ITS barcodes from fresh collections of R. griseum from Austria on uredinia and telia of Phragmidium bulbosum on Rubus spp. reveal that it is distinct from P. hyperparasitica. The status of the genus Rhinotrichum, introduced for a fungus occurring on dry wood, remains unclear. Pseudovirgaria grisea comb. nov. is therefore proposed for the mycoparasite occurring on rust fungi in Europe, and an epitype is designated from the recent collections
Management of LBP at primary care level in South Africa: up to standards?
Background: Primary Health Care (PHC) is well suited for management of low back pain (LBP). Prevalence of (chronic) LBP is suspected to be high among visitors of the South African primary care centers, but currently no information exists on prevalence or guideline adherence.Objectives: To establish if treatment received for LBP in public PHC in the Cape Town area compares with international evidence based guidelines.Methods: Cluster randomization determined the 8 community health centres where the study took place. A measurement tool was developed and validated for this population. Descriptive analysis and logistic regression analytical techniques were applied.Results: 489 participants (mean age: 44.8) were included in this study. Lifetime prevalence was 73.2% and 26.3% suffered from chronic low back pain (CLBP) . Pain medication was the only form of treatment received by 90% of the sample. Interventions received seemed to be unrelated to type of LBP (acute, sub acute and chronic). Referral to physiotherapy, education and advice to stay active were rarely done. Participants expressed low satisfaction with treatment.Conclusions: Current management of LBP at PHC level appears to be ineffective and not conform guidelines. Further South African research should focus on barriers as well as measures to be taken for implementation of LBP guidelines.Keywords: Low back pain, management, guidelines, primary care, South Afric
Opportunistic, human-pathogenic species in the Herpotrichiellaceae are phenotypically similar to saprobic or phytopathogenic species in the Venturiaceae
Although morphologically similar, species of Cladophialophora
(Herpotrichiellaceae) were shown to be phylogenetically distinct from
Pseudocladosporium (Venturiaceae), which was revealed to be
synonymous with the older genus, Fusicladium. Other than being
associated with human disorders, species of Cladophialophora were
found to also be phytopathogenic, or to occur as saprobes on organic material,
or in water, fruit juices, or sports drinks, along with species of
Exophiala. Caproventuria and Metacoleroa were
confirmed to be synonyms of Venturia, which has Fusicladium
(= Pseudocladosporium) anamorphs. Apiosporina, based on
A. collinsii, clustered basal to the Venturia clade, and
appears to represent a further synonym. Several species with a
pseudocladosporium-like morphology in vitro represent a sister clade
to the Venturia clade, and are unrelated to Polyscytalum.
These taxa are newly described in Fusicladium, which is
morphologically close to Anungitea, a heterogeneous genus with
unknown phylogenetic affinity. In contrast to the
Herpotrichiellaceae, which were shown to produce numerous
synanamorphs in culture, species of the Venturiaceae were
morphologically and phylogenetically more uniform. Several new species and new
combinations were introduced in Cladophialophora, Cyphellophora
(Herpotrichiellaceae), Exophiala, Fusicladium, Venturia
(Venturiaceae), and Cylindrosympodium (incertae
sedis)
Biodiversity in the Cladosporium herbarum complex (Davidiellaceae, Capnodiales), with standardisation of methods for Cladosporium taxonomy and diagnostics
The Cladosporium herbarum complex comprises five species for which
Davidiella teleomorphs are known. Cladosporium herbarum s.
str. (D. tassiana), C. macrocarpum (D.
macrocarpa) and C. bruhnei (D. allicina) are
distinguishable by having conidia of different width, and by teleomorph
characters. Davidiella variabile is introduced as teleomorph of
C. variabile, a homothallic species occurring on Spinacia,
and D. macrospora is known to be the teleomorph of C. iridis
on Iris spp. The C. herbarum complex combines low molecular
distance with a high degree of clonal or inbreeding diversity. Entities differ
from each other by multilocus sequence data and by phenetic differences, and
thus can be interpreted to represent individual taxa. Isolates of the C.
herbarum complex that were formerly associated with opportunistic human
infections, cluster with C. bruhnei. Several species are newly
described from hypersaline water, namely C. ramotenellum, C.
tenellum, C. subinflatum, and C. herbaroides.
Cladosporium pseudiridis collected from Iris sp. in New
Zealand, is also a member of this species complex and shown to be distinct
from C. iridis that occurs on this host elsewhere in the world. A
further new species from New Zealand is C. sinuosum on Fuchsia
excorticata. Cladosporium antarcticum is newly described from a
lichen, Caloplaca regalis, collected in Antarctica, and C.
subtilissimum from grape berries in the U.S.A., while the new combination
C. ossifragi, the oldest valid name of the Cladosporium
known from Narthecium in Europe, is proposed. Standard protocols and
media are herewith proposed to facilitate future morphological examination of
Cladosporium spp. in culture, and neotypes or epitypes are proposed
for all species treated
The genus Cladosporium
A monographic revision of the hyphomycete genus Cladosporium s. lat. (Cladosporiaceae, Capnodiales) is presented. It includes a detailed historic overview of Cladosporium and allied genera, with notes on their phylogeny, systematics and ecology. True species of Cladosporium s. str. (anamorphs of Davidiella), are characterised by having coronate conidiogenous loci and conidial hila, i.e., with a convex central dome surrounded by a raised periclinal rim. Recognised species are treated and illustrated with line drawings and photomicrographs (light as well as scanning electron microscopy). Species known from culture are described in vivo as well as in vitro on standardised media and under controlled conditions. Details on host range/substrates and the geographic distribution are given based on published accounts, and a re-examination of numerous herbarium specimens. Various keys are provided to support the identification of Cladosporium species in vivo and in vitro. Morphological datasets are supplemented by DNA barcodes (nuclear ribosomal RNA gene operon, including the internal transcribed spacer regions ITS1 and ITS2, the 5.8S nrDNA, as well as partial actin and translation elongation factor 1-a gene sequences) diagnostic for individual species. In total 993 names assigned to Cladosporium s. lat., including Heterosporium (854 in Cladosporium and 139 in Heterosporium), are treated, of which 169 are recognized in Cladosporium s. str. The other taxa are doubtful, insufficiently known or have been excluded from Cladosporium in its current circumscription and re-allocated to other genera by the authors of this monograph or previous authors
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