75 research outputs found
Identification of Novel Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms (SNPs) in Deer (Odocoileus spp.) Using the BovineSNP50 BeadChip
Single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) are growing in popularity as a genetic marker for investigating evolutionary processes. A panel of SNPs is often developed by comparing large quantities of DNA sequence data across multiple individuals to identify polymorphic sites. For non-model species, this is particularly difficult, as performing the necessary large-scale genomic sequencing often exceeds the resources available for the project. In this study, we trial the Bovine SNP50 BeadChip developed in cattle (Bos taurus) for identifying polymorphic SNPs in cervids Odocoileus hemionus (mule deer and black-tailed deer) and O. virginianus (white-tailed deer) in the Pacific Northwest. We found that 38.7% of loci could be genotyped, of which 5% (nâ=â1068) were polymorphic. Of these 1068 polymorphic SNPs, a mixture of putatively neutral loci (nâ=â878) and loci under selection (nâ=â190) were identified with the FST-outlier method. A range of population genetic analyses were implemented using these SNPs and a panel of 10 microsatellite loci. The three types of deer could readily be distinguished with both the SNP and microsatellite datasets. This study demonstrates that commercially developed SNP chips are a viable means of SNP discovery for non-model organisms, even when used between very distantly related species (the Bovidae and Cervidae families diverged some 25.1â30.1 million years before present)
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A high-resolution tsunami squares simulation of the 2022 Hunga-Tonga Hunga-Ha'apai tsunami
On Jan. 15th, 2022, the Hunga Tonga-Hunga Ha'apai (HTHH) submarine volcano erupted, triggering shockwaves and meteotsunami noticed as far away as the Caribbean. HTHH contends for the fiercest volcanic explosion in more than a century. Tsunami spawned by the eruption caused catastrophic local destruction. We present a Tonga-wide simulation of these waves using the Tsunami Squares method. Field surveys show that all houses on Mango Isl. were raised, with similar near-complete devastation on Nomuka, and the western coast of the main island of Tongatapu. "Earwitness" accounts report at least five loud artillery-like blasts. Smaller Blasts 1 and 2 echoed shortly before 4:00 UTC, followed by increasingly strong Blast 3 at 4:06 UTC, Blast 4 at 4:18 UTC, and Blast 5 at 4:33 UTC. Blasts 4 and 5 broke windows in downtown Nuku'alofa, 65 km south of HTHH and knocked over people on the coasts of Tongtapu and Ha'apai. Accepting that overpressure >0.15 PSI breaks window glass, we propose that the explosive yields from Blasts 4 and 5 were at least 10 megatons, but foreseeably >20 MT. Our TS simulation is based on a model deduced from atomic tests and is calibrated by the Nuku'alofa tide gauge, pre/post eruption satellite imagery and field run-up surveys. The gauge provides the most definitive record of blast timings, but its nearly equal 1 m reported wave height is underestimated due to the gauge's sheltered location within a harbor. We assembled Maxar and Planet imagery 3 months prior to and 2 weeks after the eruption. We estimated wave run-up heights from the time-separated imagery around all the Tongan islands. Elevations of areas stripped of vegetation were defined as minimum wave run-up heights. This provides extensive coverage, although topography is uncertain. Thirdly, tsunami field runup surveys were collected using differentially corrected GPS equipment with flow-height markers measured at 63 sites on Tongatapu and 17 sites in Ha'apai islands. Simulations from just Blasts 3 (1/4 MT) and 4 (10 MT) toss waves >20 m onto Tongatapu and 2-15 m onto the Ha'apai and Vava'u island groups. Simulated wave heights agree well with run-ups extracted from satellite and field data. Our results emphasize complex wave-topography interplay across the Tongan archipelago. "Wave Wrap-Around", "Wave Capture", and "Wave Breaking" are clearly documented in our simulation
Exposure to Inhalable Dust, Endotoxin and Total Volatile Organic Carbons (TVOCs) on Dairy Farms Using Manual and Automated Feeding Systems
Monitoring and Modeling the Rapid Evolution of Earth's Newest Volcanic Island: Hunga Tonga Hunga Ha'apai
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The 2022 Hunga-Tonga megatsunami: Near-field simulation of a once-in-a-century event
The Hunga TongaâHunga Haâapai (HTHH) volcanic eruption in January 2022 generated catastrophic tsunami and contends for the largest natural explosion in more than a century. The main island, Tongatapu, suffered waves up to 17 m, and Tofua Island suffered waves up to 45 m, comfortably placing HTHH in the âmegatsunamiâ league. We present a tsunami simulation of the Tongan Archipelago calibrated by field observations, drone, and satellite data. Our simulation emphasizes how the complex shallow bathymetry of the area acted as a low-velocity wave trap, capturing tsunami for more than 1 hour. Despite its size and long duration, few lives were lost. Simulation suggests that HTHHâs location relative to urban centers saved Tonga from a worse outcome. Whereas 2022 seems to have been a lucky escape, other oceanic volcanoes have the capacity to spawn future tsunami at HTHH scale. Our simulation amplifies the state of understanding of volcanic explosion tsunami and provides a framework for assessment of future hazards.
The 2022 Hunga TongaâHunga Ha'apai eruption generated a once-in-a-century magnitude tsunam
Select documents XLVI: âUnofficial emissariesâ: British army boxers in the Irish Free State, 1926
Investigating the Impact of SERVQUAL Dimensions on Customer Satisfaction: The Lessons Learnt from Serbian Travel Agencies
Fighting for Ireland, playing for England? The nationalist history of the gaelic athletic association and the english influence on Irish sport
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