CONSIDERATIONS REGARDING THE PROCESS OF COMPACTION AND SOIL LOOSENING

The soil works are a series of agrotechnical operations that modify the physical condition of the soil using mechanical means. The purpose of the soil work is to create optimal conditions for the crop in order to obtain harvests as large as possible, through soil works being able influencing both the content of air, water and soil temperature and nutrient content adjustment. This paper presents some considerations concerning the characteristics and the properties of soil, respectively the measures to be taken to reduce compactness

CONSTRUCTION EVOLUTION OF DEEP SOIL LOOSENING EQUIPMENT IN ROMANIA IN THE COUNTRY SPECIFIC SOIL CONDITIONS

This paper presents the main achievements of the largest manufacturers of deep soil loosening machines and equipment, highlighting the specific characteristics of each device, so that they achieve a very good job loosening in depth, using an low energy source for the same working width

RESEARCH ON THE APPLICATION OF AGRICULTURAL CONSERVATIVE TECHNOLOGIES WITH DEEP LOOSENING WORKS IN ROMANIA AND WORLDWIDE

This paper presents the status of research carried out in Romania and worldwide for the development of equipment and agricultural machines that perform superficial or deep loosening of soils, in order to decompact them and to create a layer that allows the movement of water and nutrients towards plants

CURRENT STATUS IN THE CONSTRUCTION OF EQUIPMENTS FOR DEEP CHISELLING OF THE SOIL WORLDWIDE

This paper presents the main achievements of the largest manufacturers of machinery and equipment for deep soil loosening, by highlighting the specific features of each product so that they achieve a very good profoundness and soil loosening, using a small power source, on the same working widt

RESEARCH ON THE DEVELOPMENT OF A CONSERVATIVE TECHNOLOGY, USING OPTIMIZED ACTIVE BODIES FOR SOIL TILLAGE

Conservative agriculture has grown particularly in developed countries over the past20 years, due to intensive use of soils to obtain higher yields, by means of the processing works, maintenance, herbicides, etc. (even several times during a year), which in time led to the degradation and destruction of the structure and properties of soils. In this context, this paper presents the research conducted in order to develop a conservative technology based on optimized active bodies for soil tillage, to be mounted on a complex aggregate, in order to reduce wear, deformation and increase its lifetime

STATE OF THE ART REGARDING CONSERVATIVE TILLAGE TECHNOLOGIES

Following the expansion of soil degradation processes due to conventional agriculture and technological mistakes, over the years, the so-called conservative agricultural technologies have been studied and implemented in practice. These technologies have contributed substantially to the improvement of soil fertility and productivity and, thus, of other environmental resources. The most important component of conservation technological systems, as in the case of conventional ones, is soil tillage – loosening and processing – and the introduction of seed into the soil. Switching from conventional tillage systems to the conservative ones was not easy and generated a lot of questions that needed relevant answers, scientifically based, some of them being obtained through fundamental and applied research carried out under local specific conditions. Conservative systems are based on the less intense loosening of soil, made by different methods, without furrow return and only while maintaining a given amount of crop residues on soil surface, is being considered for this reason as environmental protection strategies. In this paper is presented an analysis of the state of research on the implementation in agriculture of conservative tillage technologies and the technical-economic and environmental impacts of applying these conservative technologies. Also, there are presented the most advanced research on optimal construction of equipment for soil processing in conservation system

Prognostic model to predict postoperative acute kidney injury in patients undergoing major gastrointestinal surgery based on a national prospective observational cohort study.

Background: Acute illness, existing co-morbidities and surgical stress response can all contribute to postoperative acute kidney injury (AKI) in patients undergoing major gastrointestinal surgery. The aim of this study was prospectively to develop a pragmatic prognostic model to stratify patients according to risk of developing AKI after major gastrointestinal surgery. Methods: This prospective multicentre cohort study included consecutive adults undergoing elective or emergency gastrointestinal resection, liver resection or stoma reversal in 2-week blocks over a continuous 3-month period. The primary outcome was the rate of AKI within 7 days of surgery. Bootstrap stability was used to select clinically plausible risk factors into the model. Internal model validation was carried out by bootstrap validation. Results: A total of 4544 patients were included across 173 centres in the UK and Ireland. The overall rate of AKI was 14·2 per cent (646 of 4544) and the 30-day mortality rate was 1·8 per cent (84 of 4544). Stage 1 AKI was significantly associated with 30-day mortality (unadjusted odds ratio 7·61, 95 per cent c.i. 4·49 to 12·90; P < 0·001), with increasing odds of death with each AKI stage. Six variables were selected for inclusion in the prognostic model: age, sex, ASA grade, preoperative estimated glomerular filtration rate, planned open surgery and preoperative use of either an angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor or an angiotensin receptor blocker. Internal validation demonstrated good model discrimination (c-statistic 0·65). Discussion: Following major gastrointestinal surgery, AKI occurred in one in seven patients. This preoperative prognostic model identified patients at high risk of postoperative AKI. Validation in an independent data set is required to ensure generalizability