Dinâmica da diversidade genética de Araucaria angustifolia (Bertol.) Kuntze em campo e floresta no sul do Brasil

Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Centro de Ciências Agrárias, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Recursos Genéticos Vegetais, Florianópolis, 2017.No início do século XX cerca de 35% da cobertura vegetal dos estados do sul do Brasil estavam representados pela Floresta Ombrófila Mista, na qual a Araucaria angustifolia (Bert.) O. Kuntze foi o principal componente. Atualmente, estima-se que os remanescentes desta floresta ocupem entre 1% a 4% da área original e no estado de Santa Catarina não ultrapassando 5%, com predominância de formações secundárias. Grande parte dos povoamentos naturais de A. angustifolia foram devastados para a exploração da madeira. Essa exploração da floresta de Araucária aconteceu de maneira predatória e não sustentável, ameaçando a sobrevivência da espécie que hoje encontra-se na categoria de criticamente ameaçada na lista de espécies ameaçadas da União pela conservação da natureza (IUCN), necessitando-se de planos eficientes e urgentes de conservação por ser uma espécie de grande importância ecológica e econômica. E para elaborar planos efetivos de conservação tem-se a necessidade de conhecer a diversidade e estrutura genética da espécie, bem como a dinâmica desta diversidade, em diferentes áreas de ocorrência, pois a espécie se comporta de maneira diferente conforme o histórico de ocupação e a densidade da mata. Sendo assim, esta tese abordou os resultados de estudos da dinâmica da diversidade genética de três populações em paisagem de campo e floresta, e tem como objetivo fundamentar estratégias de conservação e uso para A. angustifolia, com base em indicadores genéticos nas duas paisagens. Para tanto, o estudo está baseado na caracterização genética de todos os indivíduos antigos e ingressantes de duas parcelas permanentes em Santa Catarina e Rio Grande do Sul, uma na região de campos de São Francisco de Paula, no Centro de pesquisas e conservação da natureza Pró-mata ? PUCRS, no Rio Grande do Sul e a outra em remanescente florestal, na Floresta Nacional de Três Barras, em Santa Catarina, assim como compará-las com o primeiro estudo realizado em campo natural antropizado em propriedade particular na região da Coxilha Rica, Santa Catarina. Para tanto, foram utilizados no total nove marcadores microssatélites, testado o desequíbrio de ligação entre os locos e a presença de alelos nulos. Foram estimados os índices de diversidade genética, taxa de cruzamento e fluxo gênico histórico e contemporâneo na coorte de adultos, jovens e progênies, gerando assim, informações da dinâmica da diversidade genética no espaço e no tempo. Os resultados analisados apontam importantes diferenças na dinâmica da diversidade genética na paisagem de campo e floresta, com maior eficiência na manutenção da diversidade genética no campo, apresentando maiores distâncias de dispersão de pólen tanto na área de conservação quanto no campo antropizado e índice de fixação não diferente de zero na coorte das progênies no campo antropizado. As distâncias de dispersão de sementes foram maiores na paisagem de campo em área de conservação comparativamente a todos os estudos já realizados para espécie, possivelmente devido a presença dos dispersores da espécie na região. Portanto, estratégias de conservação diferentes para cada paisagem devem ser consideradas, como o aumento de unidades de conservação em áreas de campo, investimento em conservação da espécie em propriedades particulares, implantação de árvores isoladas ou conjunto de árvores para conexão de fragmentos, reflorestamento com a espécie e coleta de sementes em áreas abertas para produção de mudas em planos regionais de conservação.Abstract : Beginning of the 20th century, about 35% of the vegetation cover of the Southern Brazilian states were represented by the Mixed Ombrophilous Forest, in which Araucaria angustifolia (Bert.) O. Kuntze is the main component. Currently, it is estimated that the remnants of this forest have among 1% and 4% of the original area and it not exceeding 5% in the state of Santa Catarina. Most of A. angustifolia populations were devastated for the wood exploitation. The Araucaria forest exploitation happened in a predatory and unsustainable way, threatening the survival of the species that today is critically endangered in the list of endangered species of the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN), being necessary urgent and efficient plans for conservation for this species of great ecological and economic importance. It is necessary to understand the diversity and structure genetic for a effective conservation plan, as well as the dynamics of this diversity in different areas of occurrence, since the species grows differently according to the history occupation and density. Thus, the thesis approached the evaluation of the dynamics of the genetic diversity of three populations in natural grassland and forest landscape and aims to support conservation and use strategies for A. angustifolia based on genetic indicators. Therefore, the study is basing on the genetic characterization of all the old and incoming individuals from two permanent plots in Santa Catarina and Rio Grande do Sul, one in grassland region in São Francisco de Paula, at the Center for research and conservation of nature Pro-Mata in the state of Rio Grande do Sul and the other in forest remnants in the Três Barras National Forest in Santa Catarina, as well as comparing them with the first study conducted in an anthropized grassland in the region of Coxilha Rica, Santa Catarina. Therefore, a total of nine microsatellites markers were used and tested the linkage disequilibrium and the presence of null alleles. Genetic diversity, mating system and historical and contemporary gene flow were estimated in the cohort of adults, juveniles and progenies, thus generating information on the dynamics of genetic diversity in space and time. The results showed important differences in the dynamics of genetic diversity in the grassland and forest landscape, with greater efficiency in the maintenance of genetic diversity in grassland, presenting higher values of distances of pollen dispersal both grasslands than the forest and fixation index not different from zero in the progeny cohort in the anthropic grassland. Seed dispersal distances were higher in grassland landscape in conservation area, possibly due to the presence of the natural dispersers of the species. Therefore, it is necessary conservation strategies for each landscape, such as increasing conservation units in natural grassland areas, investing in conservation of the species in private properties, implantation of isolated trees or set of trees connection forest fragments, species reforestation and collection of seeds in open areas for seedling production in regional conservation plans

Dinâmica da diversidade genética de Araucaria angustifolia (Bertol.) Kuntze em paisagem de campo no Estado de Santa Catarina

Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Centro de Ciências Agrárias, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Recursos Genéticos Vegetais, Florianópolis, 2013.2013-12-05T22:50:40

ATLANTIC EPIPHYTES: a data set of vascular and non-vascular epiphyte plants and lichens from the Atlantic Forest

Epiphytes are hyper-diverse and one of the frequently undervalued life forms in plant surveys and biodiversity inventories. Epiphytes of the Atlantic Forest, one of the most endangered ecosystems in the world, have high endemism and radiated recently in the Pliocene. We aimed to (1) compile an extensive Atlantic Forest data set on vascular, non-vascular plants (including hemiepiphytes), and lichen epiphyte species occurrence and abundance; (2) describe the epiphyte distribution in the Atlantic Forest, in order to indicate future sampling efforts. Our work presents the first epiphyte data set with information on abundance and occurrence of epiphyte phorophyte species. All data compiled here come from three main sources provided by the authors: published sources (comprising peer-reviewed articles, books, and theses), unpublished data, and herbarium data. We compiled a data set composed of 2,095 species, from 89,270 holo/hemiepiphyte records, in the Atlantic Forest of Brazil, Argentina, Paraguay, and Uruguay, recorded from 1824 to early 2018. Most of the records were from qualitative data (occurrence only, 88%), well distributed throughout the Atlantic Forest. For quantitative records, the most common sampling method was individual trees (71%), followed by plot sampling (19%), and transect sampling (10%). Angiosperms (81%) were the most frequently registered group, and Bromeliaceae and Orchidaceae were the families with the greatest number of records (27,272 and 21,945, respectively). Ferns and Lycophytes presented fewer records than Angiosperms, and Polypodiaceae were the most recorded family, and more concentrated in the Southern and Southeastern regions. Data on non-vascular plants and lichens were scarce, with a few disjunct records concentrated in the Northeastern region of the Atlantic Forest. For all non-vascular plant records, Lejeuneaceae, a family of liverworts, was the most recorded family. We hope that our effort to organize scattered epiphyte data help advance the knowledge of epiphyte ecology, as well as our understanding of macroecological and biogeographical patterns in the Atlantic Forest. No copyright restrictions are associated with the data set. Please cite this Ecology Data Paper if the data are used in publication and teaching events. © 2019 The Authors. Ecology © 2019 The Ecological Society of Americ

Araucaria angustifolia Forest data.xlsx

Adults individuals genotypes and progenies from Araucaria angustifolia in forest and grassland landscape in Santa Catarina, Brazil using 7 microsatellites

estimatingtimetocoalescence

An .xlsx file containing the data and calculations used for building the AAC curves presented in the mansucrip

simulations

Several files containing code and data for simulations for assemblage accumulation curves. readme file included in the zip folde

AAC_branchrate estimate_chloroplast168

A fasta files containing concatenated chloroplast gene

Data from: Assemblage Accumulation Curves: A framework for resolving species accumulation in biological communities using chloroplast genome sequences

The timing and tempo of the processes involved in community assembly are of substantial concern to community ecologists and conservation managers. The fossil record is a valuable source of data for studying past changes in community composition, but it is not always detailed enough to allow the process of community assembly to be resolved at regional or site scales while tracing the trajectories of known species with associated known traits. We present a three‐step framework for studying present‐day species accumulation through time: DNA sampling from multiple individuals from multiple species within a community; estimates of coalescence times for each species using molecular dating methods; and plotting the accumulation of present‐day species through time using the inferred population ages. Our approach is illustrated using whole chloroplast genomes from plants from three rainforest communities in eastern Australia. Expected times to coalescence for multiple species in each community were inferred from pooled high‐throughput sequence libraries. Local assemblage accumulation curves for each community were constructed. We also explored the variation in assemblage accumulation curves of species with different functional traits. Models of equilibrium species richness informed our null hypothesis and largely explained the shape of the assemblage accumulation curves and indicated that the complexities of the accumulation process should be explored with additional parameters, for example allowing species classes with different extinction rates. The assemblage accumulation curves for the study sites showed evidence of recent population expansions within each of the communities. This signal of recent accumulation is consistent with the increase in suitable rainforest habitat that followed the Last Glacial Maximum. Our method of constructing assemblage accumulation curves provides a simple approach for visualizing species‐accumulation data. It can be used to test hypotheses such as the relative survival potential of species‐specific ecological attributes. Although our example used single‐nucleotide polymorphisms derived from whole‐chloroplast sequencing, this framework can be applied to mitochondrial genomes and to communities of other organisms

Data from: Assemblage Accumulation Curves: A framework for resolving species accumulation in biological communities using chloroplast genome sequences

The timing and tempo of the processes involved in community assembly are of substantial concern to community ecologists and conservation managers. The fossil record is a valuable source of data for studying past changes in community composition, but it is not always detailed enough to allow the process of community assembly to be resolved at regional or site scales while tracing the trajectories of known species with associated known traits. We present a three‐step framework for studying present‐day species accumulation through time: DNA sampling from multiple individuals from multiple species within a community; estimates of coalescence times for each species using molecular dating methods; and plotting the accumulation of present‐day species through time using the inferred population ages. Our approach is illustrated using whole chloroplast genomes from plants from three rainforest communities in eastern Australia. Expected times to coalescence for multiple species in each community were inferred from pooled high‐throughput sequence libraries. Local assemblage accumulation curves for each community were constructed. We also explored the variation in assemblage accumulation curves of species with different functional traits. Models of equilibrium species richness informed our null hypothesis and largely explained the shape of the assemblage accumulation curves and indicated that the complexities of the accumulation process should be explored with additional parameters, for example allowing species classes with different extinction rates. The assemblage accumulation curves for the study sites showed evidence of recent population expansions within each of the communities. This signal of recent accumulation is consistent with the increase in suitable rainforest habitat that followed the Last Glacial Maximum. Our method of constructing assemblage accumulation curves provides a simple approach for visualizing species‐accumulation data. It can be used to test hypotheses such as the relative survival potential of species‐specific ecological attributes. Although our example used single‐nucleotide polymorphisms derived from whole‐chloroplast sequencing, this framework can be applied to mitochondrial genomes and to communities of other organisms

Differences between contralateral bones of the human lower limbs: A multiscale investigation

This study addressed side asymmetry between human lower limb long bones. A multiscale approach was taken to investigate differences between contralateral femurs, tibias and fibulas, at body-level (total-body CT-scans, anatomical dissection), organ-level (volume and moments of areas; structural stiffness and strain distribution in bending and torsions) and tissue-level (mineral density, elastic modulus, hardness). Because of the large amount of measurements taken, the study was limited to two donors. However, high statistical power within the same donor was achieved thanks to a large number of highly-repeatable measurements. Muscle cross-sections suggested that both donors were right-legged. The right bones had higher structural stiffness (up to +115%, statistically significant, except for the tibia). The right bones also experienced generally lower strain than the contralateral ones (up to-25%, statistically significant). The right bones had larger volume (up to +16%) and moments of area (up to +116%, statistically significant in most cases) than the left ones. Difference in tissue density between contralateral bones (< 7%) was not statistically significant in most cases. Also the differences found in elastic modulus of the femur cortical tissue (2-5%) were not statistically significant. Similarly, tissue hardness in the right bones was only marginally higher than in the contralateral ones (+1% to +4%, not statistically significant). Therefore, it seems that structural differences between contralateral bones associated with laterality are mainly explained by differences in bone quantity (volume) and organization (area moments). Bone tissue quality (density, hardness) seems to give a marginal contribution to structural side asymmetry. © 2014 World Scientific Publishing Company.SCOPUS: ar.jinfo:eu-repo/semantics/publishe