Participación en redes organizacionales y uso de las tecnologías de la información y la comunicación, un estudio de su impacto en los resultados de la cooperativas de enseñanza de la comunidad valenciana

Las cooperativas de enseñanza o escuelas cooperativas forman parte de uno de los sectores más desconocidos dentro del sistema educativo valenciano. Estas cooperativas van más allá de suponer una mera realidad de empresas prósperas, aparecen en el panorama educativo como un modelo organizacional alternativo de la enseñanza con una clara vocación transformadora. Inmersas en otras concepciones de la educación dentro del propio sistema, las cooperativas de enseñanza plantean una oferta educativa sensiblemente diferente a la que podemos considerar tradicional, siendo generadoras de valor económico y social. Por este motivo, puede resultar relevante determinar los factores que influyen sobre los resultados económicos y sociales de estas organizaciones. Así, el objetivo del presente estudio es analizar los efectos de dos herramientas de apoyo en la gestión como son: el uso de las tecnologías de la información y la comunicación (TICs) y la participación enredes organizacionales sobre los resultados tanto económicos como sociales de las cooperativas de enseñanza. En base a un estudio empírico sobre una muestra de 23 cooperativas de enseñanza de la Comunidad Valenciana, esta investigación muestra la existencia de una relación significativa entre el uso de las TICs y los resultados económicos de las cooperativas de enseñanza valencianas. Mientras que no fue posible establecer una relación significativa entre el uso de las TICs y el resultado social de las mismas. Asimismo, tampoco se pudo establecer la existencia de una relación significativa entre la participación de las cooperativas de enseñanza valencianas en redes organizacionales y sus resultados tanto económicos como sociales

Pezothrips kellyanus (Thysanoptera: Thripidae), nueva plaga en cítricos; comportamiento de sus poblaciones, muestreo y enemigos naturales

Pezothrips kellyanus es una nueva plaga en el cultivo de cítricos desde que a finales del siglo XX se obervaron los primeros futoos dañados por esta especie en parcelas de Nueva Zelanda y Australia. Actualmente se considera plaga ocasional en varios países de África, Asia y Europa. En España se detectaron inicialmente sus daños en el año 2007, en la comarca de La Ribera (Valencia). Sus poblaciones van ligadas a la floración de los cítricoos, produciendo lesiones en los frutos recién cuajados al alimentarse de llos. Posteriormente al crecer el fruto, las lesiones se hacen aparentes principalmente como cicatrices circulares alrededor del pedúnculo. Con el objetivo general de mejorar el manejo de esta plaga y poder reducir la incidencia de los daños producidos, hemos realizado un estudio del comportamiento de sus poblaciones, de la forma de evaluar su abundancia y de sus enemigos naturales. El Estudio se ha realizado desde el año 2008 hasta el 2010 en un número variable de parcelas de cítricos (4-*14) todas ellas situadas en la comarca la La ribera. Las metodologías se han escogido según su adecuación a los objetivos. Pezothrips kellyanus se ha expandido rápidamente por toda la zona citrícola del País Valenciano. sin embargo, los daños importantes están localizados únicamente en algunas zonas concretas. Las poblaciones P. kellyanus están asociadas a la fenología del árbol cítrico, de forma que las mayores densidades poblacionales se encuentran coincidiendo con el periodo de floración. No obstante, aunque en reducidas cantidades, encontramos presencia de larvas y adultos de P. kellyanus durante prácticamente todo el año, desarrollándose sobre frutos maduros, flores no regulares de cítricos y flores de otras especies. Las poblaciones de P. kellyanus se presentan agregadas en las flores y frutitos, siendo este comportamiento más acusado en los estadios larvarios. La correlación hallada entre el porcentaje de frutos dañados y el porcentajea de frutos con larvasNavarro Campos, C. (2013). Pezothrips kellyanus (Thysanoptera: Thripidae), nueva plaga en cítricos; comportamiento de sus poblaciones, muestreo y enemigos naturales [Tesis doctoral no publicada]. Universitat Politècnica de València. https://doi.org/10.4995/Thesis/10251/27776Palanci

Participation in organizational networks and use of information and comunication technologies. An study about their impact on performance of comunidad valenciana co-operative schools

Las cooperativas de enseñanza o escuelas cooperativas forman parte de uno de los sectores más desconocidos dentro del sistema educativo valenciano. Estas cooperativas van más allá de suponer una mera realidad de empresas prósperas, aparecen en el panorama educativo como un modelo organizacional alternativo de la enseñanza con una clara vocación transformadora. Inmersas en otras concepciones de la educación dentro del propio sistema, las cooperativas de enseñanza plantean una oferta educativa sensiblemente diferente a la que podemos considerar tradicional, siendo generadoras de valor económico y social. Por este motivo, puede resultar relevante determinar los factores que influyen sobre los resultados económicos y sociales de estas organizaciones. Así, el objetivo del presente estudio es analizar los efectos de dos herramientas de apoyo en la gestión como son: el uso de las tecnologías de la información y la comunicación (TICs) y la participación enredes organizacionales sobre los resultados tanto económicos como sociales de las cooperativas de enseñanza. En base a un estudio empírico sobre una muestra de 23 cooperativas de enseñanza de la Comunidad Valenciana, esta investigación muestra la existencia de una relación significativa entre el uso de las TICs y los resultados económicos de las cooperativas de enseñanza valencianas. Mientras que no fue posible establecer una relación significativa entre el uso de las TICs y el resultado social de las mismas. Asimismo, tampoco se pudo establecer la existencia de una relación significativa entre la participación de las cooperativas de enseñanza valencianas en redes organizacionales y sus resultados tanto económicos como sociales.Co-operative schools belong to one of the most unknown realities within the education system. These co-operatives go beyond to be a merely profitable entrepreneurial reality, appearing as an alternative educational model with clear transformational purposes. Co-operative schools are immerses in the educational system but propose a different educational offer from those other approaches that we can consider the traditional ones. For these reasons, it can be interesting to identify the factors that have an impact on the economic and social performance of such organizations. The current study purpose is to analyze the impact of the employ of ICTs and the participation in organizational networks, as support tools for co-operative schools management, on both economic and social performance. To this end we perform an empirical study based on a sample of 23 Valencian co-operative schools. Results show the existence of a significant positive impact of ITCs employment on economic performance, while it has not been possible to establish the existence of any kind of significant impact of ICTs on social performance. Research neither allows to identify any significant relationship between the participation in organizational networks and the co-operative schools performance, both economic and social performance.Escuela de Estudios CooperativosFac. de Ciencias Económicas y EmpresarialesTRUEpu

Characterisation and expression analysis of cathepsins and ubiquitin-proteasome genes in gilthead sea bream (Sparus aurata) skeletal muscle

The proteolytic enzymes involved in normal protein turnover in fish muscle are also responsible for post-mortem softening of the flesh and are therefore potential determinants of product quality. The main enzyme systems involved are calpains, cathepsins, and the ubiquitin-proteasome (UbP). In this study on Sparus aurata (Sa), the coding sequences of cathepsins (SaCTSB and SaCTSDb) and UbP family members (SaN3 and SaUb) were cloned from fast skeletal muscle, and their expression patterns were examined during ontogeny and in a fasting/re-feeding experiment. The amino acid sequences identified shared 66-100% overall identity with their orthologues in other vertebrates, with well conserved characteristic functional domains and catalytic residues. SaCTSDb showed phylogenetic, sequence and tissue distribution differences with respect to its paralogue SaCTSDa, previously identified in the ovary. Expression of gilthead sea bream cathepsins (B, L, Da, Db) and UbP members (N3, Ub, MuRF1 and MAFbx) in fast skeletal muscle was determined at three different life-history stages and in response to fasting and re-feeding in juveniles. Most of the proteolytic genes analysed were significantly up-regulated during fasting, and down-regulated with re-feeding and, between the fingerling (15 g) and juvenile/adult stages (~50/500 g), consistent with a decrease in muscle proteolysis in both later contexts. In contrast, SaCTSDa and SaMuRF1 expression was relatively stable with ontogeny and SaUb had higher expression in fingerlings and adults than juveniles. The data obtained in the present study suggest that cathepsins and UbP genes in gilthead sea bream are co-ordinately regulated during ontogeny to control muscle growth, and indicate that feeding regimes can modulate their expression, providing a potential dietary method of influencing post-mortem fillet tenderisation, and hence, product quality

The Influence of Host Fruit and Temperature on the Body Size of Adult Ceratitis capitata (Diptera: Tephritidae) under Laboratory and Field conditions

The adult body size of the Mediterranean fruit ßy, Ceratitis capitata (Wiedemann) (Diptera: Tephritidae), varies in natural conditions. Body size is an important Þtness indicator in the Mediterranean fruit ßy;largerindividuals are more competitive at mating and have a greater dispersion capacity and fertility. Both temperature during larval development and host fruit quality have been cited as possible causes for this variation.We studied the inßuence of host fruit and temperature during larval development on adult body size (wing area) in the laboratory, and determined body size variation in Þeld populations of the Mediterannean fruit ßy in eastern Spain. Field ßies measured had two origins: 1) ßies periodically collected throughout the year in Þeld traps from 32 citrus groves, during the period 2003Ð2007; and 2) ßies evolved from different fruit species collected between June and December in 2003 and 2004. In the lab, wing area of male and female adults varied signiÞcantly with temperature during larval development, being larger at the lowest temperature. Adult size also was signiÞcantly different depending on the host fruit in which larvae developed. The size of the ßies captured at the Þeld, either from traps or from fruits, varied seasonally showing a gradual pattern of change along the year. The largest individuals were obtained during winter and early spring and the smallest during late summer. In Þeld conditions, the size of the adult Mediterannean fruit ßy seems apparently more related with air temperature than with host fruit. The implications of this adult size pattern on the biology ofC. capitata and on the application of the sterile insect technique are discussed.We thank Apostolos Pekas for his useful comments on previous versions of the manuscript. This work was supported by the project RTA03-103-C6-3 assigned to F. G. M. from the Ministerio de Educacion y Ciencia of Spain.Navarro Campos, C.; Martínez Ferrer, MT.; Campos, J.; Fibla, JM.; Alcaide, J.; Bargues Desolmes, L.; Marzal Moreno, C.... (2011). The Influence of Host Fruit and Temperature on the Body Size of Adult Ceratitis capitata (Diptera: Tephritidae) under Laboratory and Field conditions. Environmental Entomology. 90(4):931-938. https://doi.org/10.1603/EN10302S931938904Albajes R. Santiago-Alvarez C. 1980. Influencia de la temperatura en el desarrollo de Ceratitis capitata (Diptera: Trypetidae). An. INIA. 13: 183–190.Angilletta, Jr.,, M. J., & Dunham, A. E. (2003). The Temperature‐Size Rule in Ectotherms: Simple Evolutionary Explanations May Not Be General. The American Naturalist, 162(3), 332-342. doi:10.1086/377187Arita L.H. Kaneshiro K.Y. 1988. Body size and differential mating success between males of two populations of the Mediterranean fruit fly. Pac. Sci. 42: 173–177.Atkinson D. 1994. 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Entomol. 9: 261–270.Chapman R.F. 1998. The insects: structure and function. 4th ed. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, United Kingdom.Christenson, L. D., & Foote, R. H. (1960). Biology of Fruit Flies. Annual Review of Entomology, 5(1), 171-192. doi:10.1146/annurev.en.05.010160.001131Churchill-Stanland, C., Stanland, R., Wong, T. T. Y., Tanaka, N., McInnis, D. O., & Dowell, R. V. (1986). Size as a Factor in the Mating Propensity of Mediterranean Fruit Flies, Ceratitis capitata (Diptera: Tephritidae), in the Laboratory. Journal of Economic Entomology, 79(3), 614-619. doi:10.1093/jee/79.3.614Danthanarayana W. 1976. Environmentally cued size variation in the light-brown apple moth, Epiphyas postvittana (Walk.) (Tortricidae), and its adaptive value in dispersal. Oecologia. 26: 121–132.Davidowitz G. Nijhout H.F. 2004. The physiological basis of reaction norms: the interaction among growth rate, the duration of growth and body size. Integr. Comp. Biol. 144: 443–449.Davidowitz G.L. D'Amico J. Nijhout H.F. 2004. The effects of environmental variation on a mechanism that controls insect body size. Evol. Ecol. Res. 6: 49–62.Debouzie D. 1977. Etude de la competition larvaire chez Ceratitis capitata (Dyptère, Trypetidae). Arch. Zool. Exp. Gen. 118: 315–334.Diamond, S. E., & Kingsolver, J. G. (2010). Environmental Dependence of Thermal Reaction Norms: Host Plant Quality Can Reverse the Temperature‐Size Rule. The American Naturalist, 175(1), 1-10. doi:10.1086/648602Eberhard W. 2000. Sexual behavior and sexual selection in the Mediterranean fruit fly, Ceratitis capitata (Dacinae: Ceratitidini) In . Aluja M. Norrbom A. Fruit Flies (Tephritidae): Phylogeny and Evolution of Behavior. CRC, Boca Raton, FL.Edgar, B. A. (2006). How flies get their size: genetics meets physiology. Nature Reviews Genetics, 7(12), 907-916. doi:10.1038/nrg1989Fletcher B.S. 1989a. Movements of tephritid fruit flies, pp. 209–219 In . Robinson A.S. Hooper G. World crop pests, vol. 3B. Fruits flies, their biology, natural enemies and control. Elsevier, Amsterdam.Fletcher B.S. 1989b. Life History Strategies of Tephritid fruit flies, pp. 195–208 In . Robinson A.S. Hooper G. World crop pests, vol. 3B. Fruits flies, their biology, natural enemies and control. Elsevier, Amsterdam.Gilchrist A.S. Crisafulli D.C. 2006. Using variation in wing shape to distinguish between wild and mass-reared individuals of Queensland fruit fly, Bactrocera tryoni . Entomol. Exp. Appl. 119: 175–178.Gilchrist A.S. Partridge L. 2001. The contrasting genetic architecture of wing size and shape in Drosophila melanogaster . Heredity. 86: 144–152.Gómez Clemente F. Planes S. 1952. Algunas notas sobre la ecología de Ceratitis capitata en el Levante español sobre naranjos. Bol. Patol. Veg. Entomol. Agric. 19: 37–48.Hasson O. Rossler Y. 2002. Character-specific homeostasis dominates fluctuating asymmetries in the medfly (Diptera: Tephritidae). Fla. Entomol. 85: 73–82.HOFFMANN, A. A., RATNA, E., SGRÒ, C. M., BARTON, M., BLACKET, M., HALLAS, R., … WEEKS, A. R. (2007). Antagonistic selection between adult thorax and wing size in field released Drosophila melanogaster independent of thermal conditions. Journal of Evolutionary Biology, 20(6), 2219-2227. doi:10.1111/j.1420-9101.2007.01422.xInglesfield C. 1982. Larval hosts, adult body size and population quality in Ceratitis capitata Wied.: a laboratory study. Annali della Facoltà di Agraria dell'Università di Sassari. 28: 25–39.Israely, N., Yuval, B., Kitron, U., & Nestel, D. (1997). Population Fluctuations of Adult Mediterranean Fruit Flies (Diptera: Tephritidae) in a Mediterranean Heterogeneous Agricultural Region. Environmental Entomology, 26(6), 1263-1269. doi:10.1093/ee/26.6.1263Joaquim-Bravo I.S. Guimaraes A.N. Magalhaes T.C. Nascimento A.S. 2010. Performance of Ceratitis capitata (Wiedemann) (Diptera: Tephritidae) in fruits: comparison of two laboratory populations. Neotrop. Entomol. 39: 9–14.Kaspi, R., Taylor, P. W., & Yuval, B. (2000). Diet and size influence sexual advertisement and copulatory success of males in Mediterranean fruit fly leks. Ecological Entomology, 25(3), 279-284. doi:10.1046/j.1365-2311.2000.00266.xKaspi R. Mossinson S. Drezner T. Kamensky B. Yuval B. 2002. Effects of larval diet on development rates and reproductive maturation of male and female Mediterranean fruit flies. Physiol. Entomol. 27: 29–38.Kingsolver J.G. Shlichta J.G. Ragland G.J. Massie K.R. 2006. Thermal reaction norms for caterpillar growth depend on diet. Evol. Ecol. Res. 8: 703–715.Krainacker, D. A., Carey, J. R., & Vargas, R. I. (1987). Effect of larval host on life history traits of the mediterranean fruit fly, Ceratitis capitata. Oecologia, 73(4), 583-590. doi:10.1007/bf00379420Krainacker, D. A., Carey, J. R., & Vargas, R. I. (1989). Size-Specific Survival and Fecundity for Laboratory Strains of Two Tephritid (Diptera: Tephritidae) Species: Implications for Mass Rearing. Journal of Economic Entomology, 82(1), 104-108. doi:10.1093/jee/82.1.104Liquido N.J. Shinoda L.A. Cunningham R.T. 1991. Host plants of Mediterranean fruit fly: an annotated world review. Ann. Entomol. Soc. Am. 77: 1–52.Martínez-Ferrer M.T. Campos J.M. Fibla J.M. 2006. Population dynamics of Ceratitis capitata on citrus in northeastern Spain: influence of adjacent host fruit trees. IOBC-WPRS Bull. 29: 77–84.Martínez-Ferrer M.T. Navarro C. Campos J.M. Marzal C. Fibla J.M. Bargues L. Garcia-Mari F. 2010. Seasonal and annual trends in field populations of Mediterranean fruit fly, Ceratitis capitata, in Mediterranean citrus groves: comparison of two geographic areas in eastern Spain. Spanish. J. Agric. Res. 8: 757–765.Weitzman, J. (2006). Journal of Biology, 5(1), 1. doi:10.1186/jbiol33PAPADOPOULOS, N. T., CAREY, J. R., LIEDO, P., MÜLLER, H.-G., & SENTÜRK, D. (2009). Virgin females compete for mates in the male lekking speciesCeratitis capitata. Physiological Entomology, 34(3), 238-245. doi:10.1111/j.1365-3032.2009.00680.xProkopy, R. J., & Hendrichs, J. (1979). Mating Behavior of Ceratitis capitata1 on a Field-Caged Host Tree. Annals of the Entomological Society of America, 72(5), 642-648. doi:10.1093/aesa/72.5.642Ray, C. (1960). The application of Bergmann’s and Allen’s rules to the poikilotherms. Journal of Morphology, 106(1), 85-108. doi:10.1002/jmor.1051060104Rivnay E. 1950. The Mediterranean fruit fly in Israel. Bull. Entomol. Res. 41: 321–341.Sankarperumal, G., & Pandian, T. J. (1991). Effect of temperature andChlorelladensity on growth and metamorphosis ofChironomus circumdatus(Kieffer) (Diptera). Aquatic Insects, 13(3), 167-177. doi:10.1080/01650429109361438Santaballa E. Laborda R. Bargues L. 2001. Tratamientos de cuarentena: evolución y supervivencia de la mosca de las frutas Ceratitis capitata (Wiedemann) sobre cítricos. Levante Agric. 358: 405–412.Sharp, J. L., Boller, E. F., & Chambers, D. L. (1983). Selection for Flight Propensity of Laboratory and Wild Strains of Anastrepha suspensa and Ceratitis capitata (Diptera: Tephritidae)1. Journal of Economic Entomology, 76(2), 302-305. doi:10.1093/jee/76.2.302Sigurjonsdottir H. 1984. Food competition among Scatophaga stercoraria larvae with emphasis on its effects on reproductive success. Ecol. Entomol. 9: 81–90.Sivinski J. Aluja M. Dodson G.N. Freidberg A. Headrick D.H. Kaneshiro K.Y. Landolt P. 2000. Topics in the evolution of sexual behavior in the Tephritidae, pp. 751–792 In . Aluja M. Norrbom A. Fruit Flies (Tephritidae): Phylogeny and Evolution of Behavior. CRC, Boca Raton, FL.Stamp, N. E. (1990). Growth versus molting time of caterpillars as a function of temperature, nutrient concentration and the phenolic rutin. 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Feeding habits of Ceratitis capitata (Diptera: Tephritidae): can larvae recognize a nutritionally effective diet?. J. Insect Physiol. 33: 349–353

Impact of Extensive Grazing on Supporting and Regulating Ecosystem Services of Mountain Soils

Livestock grazing impacts the ecosystems of high mountains and adjacent low-elevation regions as a result of the physical, chemical, and hydrological connectivity of soil. In particular, grazing may alter the ecosystem services provided by soil, such as carbon and organic matter accumulation, carbon storage, and water infiltration. The present study evaluated the relative contents of soil organic matter (SOM) and soil organic carbon (SOC) on soil in a humaninduced grassland and an frequently grazed Abies religiosa (Kunth) Schltdl. & Cham. forest in Nevado de Toluca, Mexico. It assessed carbon stocks in 2 different soil layers (0–5 cm and 5–25 cm), as well as soil compaction and water infiltration in both land uses. Results showed slightly lower SOM (21.7%) and SOC (12.6%) in soils on which livestock were grazed than in forest soils (25.7% for SOM and 14.65%, for SOC) at both depths and a greater bulk density of livestock soils (0.86 g cm3 ) than of forest soils (0.73 g cm3 ), particularly in the 0–5- cm layer (0.88 g cm3 ) of livestock soils. More than 40 years of livestock grazing has clearly impacted the capacity of soils to accumulate organic matter and organic carbon. However, carbon stocks and water infiltration were not significantly affected, as low carbon accumulation was compensated by changes in soil bulk density. These results indicate that extensive livestock ranching and resource conservation are not necessarily mutually exclusive in the study site. Direct and indirect mechanisms involved in the provision of the evaluated regulating services should be further studied, taking into account the highly variable social and environmental conditions of Nevado de Toluca. Management policies should also aim to maintain an equilibrium between livestock rancher needs and conservation of supporting and regulating ecosystem services that are highly relevant to the functioning of mountain ecosystems.Consejo Nacional de Ciencia y Tecnología A.C. a través de proyecto Ciencia Básica 219696. Universidad Autónoma del Estado de Mexico; project 3770/2014/CID

Tendencias estacionales y anuales en las poblaciones de campo de la mosca mediterránea de la fruta, Ceratitis capitata, en cítricos del Mediterráneo: comparación de dos áreas geográficas en el este de España

[EN] Seasonal and annual trends in Ceratitis capitata (Wiedemann) (Diptera: Tephritidae) populations were analyzed to determine the factors that influence population fluctuations in the field. Adult flies were monitored along 2003-07 in two citrus areas in eastern Spain with similar climate, Valencia and Tarragona. Adults were present throughout the study period, even in winter. The initial annual population increase was related to previous winter and spring temperatures. Captures started to increase in April-May and usually reached a peak in July. This peak corresponded to the maximum capture period in Valencia, but not in Tarragona, where there was usually a second peak in autumn, with capture levels similar to the first peak. Gravid females were found throughout the year, even in overwintering populations of medfly. The availability of other host fruit species in the vicinity of the citrus groves may explain the differences in annual abundance and distribution of captures between the two areas studied.[ES] Se analizó la evolución estacional de las poblaciones de Ceratitis capitata (Wiedemann) (Diptera: Tephritidae) para determinar los factores que influencian sus fluctuaciones poblacionales en campo. Se muestreó la población de adultos entre 2003 y 2007 en dos áreas citrícolas del este de España con clima similar, Valencia y Tarragona. Se encontraron adultos a lo largo de todo el periodo de estudio, incluso en invierno. El primer incremento anual de la población estuvo relacionado con las temperaturas previas del invierno y la primavera. Las capturas comenzaron a incrementarse en abril-mayo y generalmente alcanzaron un máximo en julio. Este máximo correspondió al máximo periodo de capturas en Valencia, pero no en Tarragona, donde hubo generalmente un segundo máximo en otoño, con niveles de captura similares al primer máximo. Se encontraron hembras grávidas a lo largo de todo el año, incluso en las poblaciones invernantes de mosca de la fruta. La disponibilidad de otras especies de frutales hospedantes cercanas a las parcelas de cítricos puede explicar las diferencias en abundancia anual y distribución estacional de capturas entre las dos áreas estudiadas.We would like to thank Rafel Monfort for his help with the field work. This research was funded by a project from the Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria (INIA), of Spain’s Ministerio de Educación y Ciencia (Project RTA03- 103-C6). We thank also Alejandro Tena for useful comments on early drafts of the manuscript.Martinez-Ferrer, MT.; Navarro Campos, C.; Campos Rivela, JM.; Marzal Moreno, C.; Fibla, JM.; Bargues Desolmes, L.; García Mari, F. (2010). Seasonal and annual trends in field populations of Mediterranean fruit fly, Ceratitis capitata, in Mediterranean citrus groves: comparison of two geographic areas in eastern Spain. Spanish Journal of Agricultural Research. 8(3):757-765. https://doi.org/10.5424/sjar/2010083-1275S7577658

Aggregation pattern, sampling plan, and intervention threshold for Pezothrips kellyanus in citrus groves

[EN] Pezothrips kellyanus (Bagnall) (Thysanoptera: Thripidae) has recently emerged as an international pest of citrus. It causes severe scarring of the fruit surface and commercial downgrading of fresh fruit production. The goals of this article were to determine the aggregation patterns of P. kellyanus on citrus, to establish an efficient sampling plan to assess their population density, and to develop an environmental economic injury level (EEIL). The study was conducted in 14 citrus groves in Valencia (Spain) during 2008 and in eight citrus groves during 2009. On each grove, population densities of thrips were monitored weekly on citrus flowers and fruitlets during the flowering and fruit setting period. Final damage was determined on developed fruits. Pezothrips kellyanus was the most abundant thrips species, with 73.5% of adults and 92.1% of larvae present, followed by Frankliniella occidentalis (Pergande) (Thysanoptera: Thripidae), with 18.2 and 3.5%, respectively. First description of first instars of P. kellyanus is provided. Our results prove that thrips show clumped population distributions, with no differences in aggregation parameters between flowers and fruitlets, thrips species, larval stages, or sex of adults. Immature thrips showed a higher aggregation (Taylor's value of b=1.40±0.06) than adults (b=1.19±0.04). Fruit damage by P. kellyanus on developed fruits was strongly correlated with percentage of fruitlets with immature P. kellyanus (r=0.897; n=22). Based on the percentage of fruitlets occupied by immature thrips, the economic injury levels and EEIL were calculated (using chlorpyrifos as insecticide) obtaining values of 7 and 12%, respectively. Insecticide treatments will be necessary if more than 12% of fruitlets are infested by thrips larvae. Constant precision (D=0.25) sampling plans developed show that 200 sample units should be observed in enumerative sampling, and 310 in binomial presence-absence sampling, at population levels of immatures on fruitlets around the EEIL. © 2011 The Authors. Entomologia Experimentalis et Applicata © 2011 The Netherlands Entomological Society.We thank Apostolos Pekas for his useful comments on previous versions of the manuscript. We also thank the citrus producers who provided the orchards for the study. Finally, we are grateful to two anonymous referees for their careful review and helpful comments. The first author was awarded an FPI fellowship from the Universitat Politecnica de Valencia to obtain her PhD degree.Navarro Campos, C.; Aguilar Martí, MA.; Garcia Marí, F. (2012). Aggregation pattern, sampling plan, and intervention threshold for Pezothrips kellyanus in citrus groves. Entomologia Experimentalis et Applicata. 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Utilidad de la pupilometría dinámica en el control de alcoholemia de los conductores

La pupilometría se ha convertido en una herramienta de gran interés en las Ciencias de la Visión. Hasta el momento, solo unos pocos estudios han explorado la relación entre el reflejo pupilar y el consumo de drogas. El objetivo de este estudio fue evaluar la aplicabilidad de la pupilometría dinámica mesópica como método objetivo para la detección de niveles de alcoholemia por encima del límite legal. Se utilizó un diseño de carácter cuasi-experimental, con 19 voluntarios participando en dos condiciones (pre y post ingesta de alcohol). En la sesión con alcohol, los participantes consumieron 27.5 ml de alcohol en intervalos de 60 minutos durante 4 horas. Se llevaron a cabo registros de pupilometría mediante el Power Refractor II, utilizándose cuatro tipos de estimulación lumínica: blanca (5600 K), azul (450 nm), verde (510 nm) y roja (600 nm). El diámetro basal aumentó significativamente a partir de concentraciones de alcohol en aire espirado iguales o mayores de 0.25 mg/l. Además, el valor de la amplitud de constricción para la luz roja también ofreció diferencias significativas entre las dos condiciones. Estos resultados resultan prometedores en la búsqueda de nuevos métodos de detección de niveles de alcoholemia no permitidos al volante. En este estudio se demuestra que el incremento del diámetro basal y la amplitud pupilar pueden ser utilizados como indicador del nivel de consumo de alcohol. Son necesarios más estudios para validar éste y otros métodos de diagnóstico complementarios a las actuales pruebas de alcoholemia y de consumo de sustancias psicotropas

Proteolytic systems' expression during myogenesis and transcriptional regulation by amino acids in gilthead sea bream cultured muscle cells

Proteolytic systems exert an important role in vertebrate muscle controlling protein turnover, recycling of amino acids (AA) or its use for energy production, as well as other functions like myogenesis. In fish, proteolytic systems are crucial for the relatively high muscle somatic index they possess, and because protein is the most important dietary component. Thus in this study, the molecular profile of proteolytic markers (calpains, cathepsins and ubiquitin-proteasome system (UbP) members) were analyzed during gilthead sea bream (Sparus aurata) myogenesis in vitro and under different AA treatments. The gene expression of calpains (capn1, capn3 and capns1b) decreased progressively during myogenesis together with the proteasome member n3; whereas capn2, capns1a, capns1b and ubiquitin (ub) remained stable. Contrarily, the cathepsin D (ctsd) paralogs and E3 ubiquitin ligases mafbx and murf1, showed a significant peak in gene expression at day 8 of culture that slightly decreased afterwards. Moreover, the protein expression analyzed for selected molecules presented in general the same profile of the mRNA levels, which was confirmed by correlation analysis. These data suggest that calpains seem to be more important during proliferation, while cathepsins and the UbP system appear to be required for myogenic differentiation. Concerning the transcriptional regulation by AA, the recovery of their levels after a short starvation period did not show effects on cathepsins expression, whereas it down-regulated the expression of capn3, capns1b, mafbx, murf1 and up-regulated n3. With regards to AA deficiencies, the major changes occurred at day 2, when leucine limitation suppressed ctsb and ctsl expression. Besides at the same time, both leucine and lysine deficiencies increased the expression of mafbx and murf1 and decreased that of n3. Overall, the opposite nutritional regulation observed, especially for the UbP members, points out an efficient and complementary role of these factors that could be useful in gilthead sea bream diets optimization