City CarShare: Assessment of Short-Term Travel-Behavior Impacts

One of the more innovative and potentially resourceful urban transportation initiatives in recent times is car-sharing, the sharing of motorized cars through cooperative arrangements. It's a market-based strategy that, proponents maintain, is suited to urban settings where parking is in short supply, where good public transit and easy walking access makes car ownership less imperative, and where the prospect of access to a diverse fleet of vehicles appeals to niche markets such as young professionals without children and political 'greens.'In this report, the short-term travel-behavior impacts of car-sharing in the city of San Francisco are evaluated. San Francisco's program, City CarShare, was launched in early March 2001 and has steadily gained popularity as more and more people have voluntarily joined the program. For purposes of studying "before and after" changes in travel demand, data were compiled both prior to program implementation and 3-4 months into the program. To remove the influences of other factors that could explain changes in travel demand besides car-sharing itself, a controlled experimental framework was adopted which involved comparing changes in travel demand between City CarShare participants and an otherwise comparable group of non-participants over time. In addition to evaluating impacts, car-sharing is profiled in terms of trip purposes, travel durations, spatial patterns of trip-making, and other attributes.Because the study shows overall impacts of car-sharing only 3-4 months into the program, the researchers note that firm inferences cannot yet be drawn, however, the results hint at some of the behavioral adjustments that might be tracked over time as the program matures and participants settle in to more permanent patterns of behavior

City CarShare: Assessment of Intermediate-Term Travel-Behavior Impacts

Some nine months after the introduction of City CarShare, a car-sharing program in the city of San Francisco, an estimated 7 percent of trips made by the program's members involved City CarShare vehicles, up from around 2 percent just six months earlier. At the nine-month mark, more than 20 percent of members' vehicle miles traveled (VMT) represented car-share vehicles, a substantial jump from what it was earlier.Evidence suggests that access to car-share vehicles is stimulating motorized travel. Most members do not own cars and many appear to be leasing vehicles in lieu of walking and biking. Car-share vehicles are used more for personal business and social-recreational travel than non-discretionary, routine travel such as to work or school. Cars generally are not used frequently during peak periods or to dense settings well-served by transit, like downtown. In this sense, car-sharing appears to be stimulating a resourceful form of "automobility." Users are accruing substantial travel-time savings and willingly pay market prices for these benefits.Survey results also suggest that car-sharing is cutting into private car usage, especially among higher income members. This appears to be less because members are getting rid of cars and more due to them selectively substituting City CarShare vehicles for their own. Predictive models revealed that the likelihood of car-share usage increased with members' personal incomes, educational levels, and age. Also, members were more likely to lease vehicles if they lived in zero-car households.For the intermediate-term analysis, findings were generally more interpretable than from the short-term analysis. This was expected in that three to four months into the program, when the short-term surveys were compiled, San Francisco's City CarShare was still in its infancy. By the ninth month of the program, many members likely had settled into a certain pattern of usage. This bodes favorably for the ability to firmly gauge impacts one to two years into the program

City CarShare: Assessment of Intermediate-Term Travel-Behavior Impacts

Some nine months after the introduction of City CarShare, a car-sharing program in the city of San Francisco, an estimated 7 percent of trips made by the program's members involved City CarShare vehicles, up from around 2 percent just six months earlier. At the nine-month mark, more than 20 percent of members' vehicle miles traveled (VMT) represented car-share vehicles, a substantial jump from what it was earlier.Evidence suggests that access to car-share vehicles is stimulating motorized travel. Most members do not own cars and many appear to be leasing vehicles in lieu of walking and biking. Car-share vehicles are used more for personal business and social-recreational travel than non-discretionary, routine travel such as to work or school. Cars generally are not used frequently during peak periods or to dense settings well-served by transit, like downtown. In this sense, car-sharing appears to be stimulating a resourceful form of "automobility." Users are accruing substantial travel-time savings and willingly pay market prices for these benefits.Survey results also suggest that car-sharing is cutting into private car usage, especially among higher income members. This appears to be less because members are getting rid of cars and more due to them selectively substituting City CarShare vehicles for their own. Predictive models revealed that the likelihood of car-share usage increased with members' personal incomes, educational levels, and age. Also, members were more likely to lease vehicles if they lived in zero-car households.For the intermediate-term analysis, findings were generally more interpretable than from the short-term analysis. This was expected in that three to four months into the program, when the short-term surveys were compiled, San Francisco's City CarShare was still in its infancy. By the ninth month of the program, many members likely had settled into a certain pattern of usage. This bodes favorably for the ability to firmly gauge impacts one to two years into the program

Filling the missing link between universalism and democracy: the case of Costa Rica

This article explores a missing link in the recent literature on the formation of social policies: that between democracy and universalism, one desirable yet elusive feature of these policies. We base our argument on a case study of Costa Rica, the most successful case of universalism in Latin America. We proceed by first depicting Costa Rica's peculiar policy architecture, based on the incremental expansion of benefits funded on payroll taxes. Then we reconstruct the policy process to stress the key role played by technopoliticians in a democratic context. Backed by political leadership and equipped with international ideas, technopoliticians drove social policy design from agenda setting to adoption and implementation. Third, we argue that key aspects of the policy architecture established in the early 1940s were fundamental building blocks for a distinctive and seldom explored road to universalism. We conclude considering contemporary implications.UCR::Vicerrectoría de Docencia::Ciencias Sociales::Facultad de Ciencias Sociales::Escuela de Ciencias Política