Galls of Guiera senegalensis J.F. GMEL (Combretaceae) as potential source of insecticides against the main cowpea pest Callosobruchus maculatus (Fab.) (Coleoptera: Bruchidae) detoxification enzymes

The cowpea weevil, Callosobruchus maculatus (F.), is a major pest of cowpea ( Vigna unguiculata (L.) Walp.) in storage. A laboratory study was conducted to investigate the inhibition potential of Guiera senegalensis galls on C. maculatus detoxification enzymes. Methanol extract from galls of G. senegalensis exhibited strong inhibitory effects of the activity of C. maculatus acetylcholinesterase (AChE) and mixed-functional oxidase enzymes. The chemical composition of the extracted oils was examined by gas chromatograph (GC)-flame ionisation detectors (FID) and mass spectrometry. Twelve components were identified, namely 2-Hydroxy-4-methoxybenzophenone, n-Pentadecane, Octadecane, 1,2-Benzenedicarboxylic acid, dibutyl ester, Palmitic Acid, Hexadecane, Cis-vaccenic acid, Oleyl alcohol, stenol, n-Eicosane, n-Heneicosane and vincubine. This plant could be used for improving the efficacy to various insecticide classes against C. maculatus and as an alternative to synthetic insecticides.Callosobruchus maculatus (F.) est un ravageur majeur des graines du ni\ue9b\ue9 ( Vigna unguiculata (L.) Walp) en stock. Une \ue9tude de laboratoire a \ue9t\ue9 conduite pour investiguer le potentiel d\u2019inhibition des galles de Guiera senegalensis sur le syst\ue8me de d\ue9toxification enzymatique de C. maculatus. L\u2019extrait m\ue9thanolique de G. senegalensis a montr\ue9 de fort effet inhibiteur sur l\u2019activit\ue9 enzymatique de l\u2019ac\ue9tylcholinest\ue9rase (AChE) et des oxydases \ue0 fonction mixte. La composition chimique de l\u2019huile extraite a \ue9t\ue9 examin\ue9e par chromatographie en phase gazeuse coupl\ue9e \ue0 un d\ue9tecteur \ue0 ionisation de flamme (GC-FID) et par spectrom\ue9trie de masse. Douze (12) compos\ue9s ont \ue9t\ue9 identifi\ue9s, \ue0 savoir 2-Hydroxy-4-methoxybenzophenone, n-Pentad\ue9cane, Octad\ue9cane, benz\ue8ne-1,2-dicarboxylate de dibutyle, Acide Palmitique, Hexad\ue9cane, Acide Cis-vaccinique, Alcool ol\ue9ylique, st\ue9nol, n-Eicosane, n-H\ue9nicosane et la vincubine. Cette plante pourrait \ueatre utilis\ue9e pour am\ue9liorer l\u2019efficacit\ue9 de diverses classes d\u2019insecticides contre C. maculatus et comme alternative aux insecticides de synth\ue8s

Complications macro-angiopathiques du diabete a l’hopital du Mali de Bamako

Introduction-objectif: Le diabète est un facteur de risque cardiovasculaire (FRCV) majeur, responsable de complications cardiovasculaires dont la  prise en charge est complexe. L’objectif de l’étude est d’évaluer les  complications macro-angiopathiques du diabète.Patients et Méthodes: Etude transversale, descriptive et analytique de 18 mois, concernant les patients diabétiques (type 1 avec 5 ans d’évolution et type 2).Résultats: Nous avons colligé 275 patients diabétiques. L’âge moyen de nos patients était de 59 ans. Le sex ratio était de 0,82. Le diabète était de type 2 chez 93,09% des patients. La durée moyenne d’évolution du diabète était de 6 ans. L’HbA1c était supérieure à 7% chez 51,64% des patients. 77,46% avaient au minimum 2 FRCV associés au diabète. La dyslipidémie était le FRCV le plus fréquent associé au diabète (51,27%). Quatre-vingt-trois (83) patients sur 275 avaient au moins une  macroangiopathie (fréquence hospitalière de 30,18%). L’artériopathie oblitérante des membres inférieurs (AOMI) était présente chez 49 patients, l’accident vasculaire cérébral (AVC) chez 28 patients et la coronaropathie chez 17 patients. Nous avons noté un lien statistiquement significatif entre durée d’évolution du diabète, et deux complications macro-angiopathiques (AOMI p:0,001 et AVC p:0,05). Le mauvais équilibre glycémique et le nombre de FRCV étaient corrélés aux complications macroangiopathiques (AOMI, AVC, coronaropathie) de façon significative avec p<0,05.Conclusion: Le diabète est une maladie métabolique responsable de complications macro-angiopathiques. Sa prise en charge précoce ainsi qu’une correction des autres FRCV permettent d’éviter ou de ralentir ces complications.Mots clés : Diabète, Macro-angiopathies, Hôpital Du Mali.  Macrovascular complications of diabetes at the hôpital du Mali of Bamako Introduction-Aim: Diabete is a major risk cardiovascular factor (FRCV). It is a chronic disease responsible of cardiovascular complications with a complex management. The objective of the study is to evaluate the macrovascular complications of diabetes.Patients and methods: It is a cross-sectional, descriptive and analytical study of 18 months, concerning diabetic patients (type 1 with 5 years of evolution and type 2).Results: We collected 275 diabetics patients. Mean age of our patients was 59 years. Sex ratio was 0.82. Diabetes was type 2 in 93.09%. Mean duration of diabetes was 6 years. HBA1C was greater than 7% in 51.64%. 77.46% had at least 2 cardiovascular risk factors associated with diabetes. Dyslipidemia was the most common cardiovascular risk factors associated with diabetes (51.27%). 83 of 275 patients had at least one macrovascular complication (hospital frequency of 30.18%). Peripheral artery disease (PAD) was present in 49 patients, stroke in 28 patients, and coronary artery disease in 17 patients. We noted a statistically significant link between the duration of diabetes, and two macrovascular complications (PAD p: 0.001 and stroke p: 0.05). The poor glycemic balance and number of  cardiovascular risk factors were correlated with macrovascular complications (AOMI, stroke, coronary artery disease) significantly with p < 0.05.Conclusion: Diabetes is a metabolic disease responsible of macrovascular complications. Early care and correction of other cardiovascular risk factors can prevent or slow these complications.Keywords: Diabetes, Macrovascular complications, Hôpital Du Mal

The ASOS Surgical Risk Calculator: development and validation of a tool for identifying African surgical patients at risk of severe postoperative complications

Background: The African Surgical Outcomes Study (ASOS) showed that surgical patients in Africa have a mortality twice the global average. Existing risk assessment tools are not valid for use in this population because the pattern of risk for poor outcomes differs from high-income countries. The objective of this study was to derive and validate a simple, preoperative risk stratification tool to identify African surgical patients at risk for in-hospital postoperative mortality and severe complications. Methods: ASOS was a 7-day prospective cohort study of adult patients undergoing surgery in Africa. The ASOS Surgical Risk Calculator was constructed with a multivariable logistic regression model for the outcome of in-hospital mortality and severe postoperative complications. The following preoperative risk factors were entered into the model; age, sex, smoking status, ASA physical status, preoperative chronic comorbid conditions, indication for surgery, urgency, severity, and type of surgery. Results: The model was derived from 8799 patients from 168 African hospitals. The composite outcome of severe postoperative complications and death occurred in 423/8799 (4.8%) patients. The ASOS Surgical Risk Calculator includes the following risk factors: age, ASA physical status, indication for surgery, urgency, severity, and type of surgery. The model showed good discrimination with an area under the receiver operating characteristic curve of 0.805 and good calibration with c-statistic corrected for optimism of 0.784. Conclusions: This simple preoperative risk calculator could be used to identify high-risk surgical patients in African hospitals and facilitate increased postoperative surveillance. © 2018 British Journal of Anaesthesia. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.Medical Research Council of South Africa gran