45 research outputs found

    Microfossils from the late Mesoproterozoic – early Neoproterozoic Atar/El Mreïti Group, Taoudeni Basin, Mauritania, northwestern Africa

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    The well-preserved Meso-Neoproterozoic shallow marine succession of the Atar/El MreĂŻti Group, in the Taoudeni Basin, Mauritania, offers a unique opportunity to investigate the mid-Proterozoic eukaryotic record in Western Africa. Previous investigations focused on stromatolites, biomarkers, chemostratigraphy and palaeoredox conditions. However, only a very modest diversity of organic-walled microfossils (acritarchs) has been documented. Here, we present a new, exquisitely well-preserved and morphologically diverse assemblage of organic-walled microfossils from three cores drilled through the Atar/El MreĂŻti Group. A total of 48 distinct entities including 11 unambiguous eukaryotes (ornamented and process-bearing acritarchs), and 37 taxonomically unresolved taxa (including 9 possible eukaryotes, 6 probable prokaryotes, and 22 other prokaryotic or eukaryotic taxa) were observed. Black shales preserve locally abundant fragments of benthic microbial mats. We also document one of the oldest records of Leiosphaeridia kulgunica, a species showing a pylome interpreted as a sophisticated circular excystment structure, and one of the oldest records of Trachyhystrichosphaera aimika and T. botula, two distinctive process-bearing acritarchs present in well-dated 1.1 Ga formations at the base of the succession. The general assemblage composition and the presence of three possible index fossils (A. tetragonala, S. segmentata and T. aimika) support a late Mesoproterozoic to early Neoproterozoic (Tonian) age for the Atar/El MreĂŻti Group, consistent with published lithostratigraphy, chemostratigraphy and geochronology. This study provides the first evidence for a moderately diverse eukaryotic life, at least 1.1 billion years ago in Western Africa. Comparison with coeval worldwide assemblages indicate that a broadly similar microbial biosphere inhabited (generally redox-stratified) oceans, placing better time constraints on early eukaryote palaeogeography and biostratigraphy

    La participation en bibliothĂšque

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    A major issue which is of concern to the librarian is the participation of the library’s users. Such participation, which is still to be defined, divides the specialists and confuses the users. It is necessary to integrate the participation into the library, because this lends legitimacy to a facility whose influence is diminishing. The active participation of users enables them to build or develop together a common knowledge base which will become part of mankind’s digital or material heritage. Many tools can be used by the librarian in order to support the process of participation, be it via exchange, through organizing physical space or the creation of a network of participants. Stimulating participation is one of the missions of the librarian which enables the social network to develop across an area. Consequently, libraries are well advised to cultivate participation if their privileged status in the community is to be maintained.La participation en bibliothĂšque est un enjeu majeur du mĂ©tier de bibliothĂ©caire. La participation est une pratique des usagers qui reste Ă  dĂ©finir, elle partage les opinions des professionnels et intrigue encore les publics. Il est nĂ©cessaire de l’intĂ©grer Ă  l’institution car elle permet de rendre lĂ©gitime un Ă©tablissement dont l’influence diminue. La participation permet de co-construire les communs dont fait partie le patrimoine futur de l’humanitĂ©, qu’il soit numĂ©rique ou matĂ©riel. De nombreux outils s’offrent au bibliothĂ©caire pour encourager la dĂ©marche participative, que ce soit par des Ă©changes, par l’amĂ©nagement des espaces ou par la crĂ©ation d’un rĂ©seau de participants. La dĂ©marche participative, inscrite dans les missions du bibliothĂ©caire, permet de dĂ©velopper le lien social sur un territoire. Les bibliothĂšques ont donc tout intĂ©rĂȘt Ă  cultiver la participation si elles veulent conserver leur position privilĂ©giĂ©e dans la collectivitĂ©

    Plantes, terrains et cultures botaniques : herboriser dans l’Ouest de la France au XIXe siùcle

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    In the 19th century, individuals of different ages, genders and social conditions went out and collected plants to make herbariums. The diversity of the collections they produced, and of the written sources documenting them, raises questions about the various botanical cultures in which this collecting activity took place. Educational collections and souvenir herbariums created during travels or in gardens attest to a practice suited to a variety of purposes. The position of collectors as amateuris studied in relation to their practices and knowledge, and according to the herborizing networks and learned societies in which they were involved. Floristic inventories formed the basis of the boundaries and identitied Western France as a botanical space, defined by social and biological factors, where "wild" nature is sought after.The understanding of plants was rooted in shifting theoretical frameworks concerning the notion of species and the living. It involved transporting plants into different spaces, such as gardens, laboratories and museums. The presence of plants in the field was a prerequisite for the validity of this knowledge, but the appetite of collectors and environmental changes were undermining this equation. While botanists collectively attempted to moderate collections, they also interferd directly in environments by multiplying or planting plants, or adopted critical stances on environmental developments. In this way, this thesis attempts to capture the diversity and density of relationships, between individuals and with the environment, induced by herborization.Au XIXe siĂšcle, des individus de diffĂ©rents Ăąges, genres et conditions sociales, vont dehors et collectent des plantes pour faire des herbiers. La diversitĂ© des collections qu’ils produisent et des sources Ă©crites qui les documentent interroge les multiples cultures botaniques dans lesquelles s’inscrit cette activitĂ© de collecte. Les collectes pĂ©dagogiques, les herbiers souvenirs constituĂ©s lors des voyages, dans des jardins, attestent d’une pratique appropriĂ©e Ă  diffĂ©rentes fins. Le positionnement des collecteurs en tant qu’amateurs de sciences est Ă©tudiĂ© relativement Ă  leurs pratiques, Ă  leurs savoirs, ainsi que suivant les rĂ©seaux d’herborisation et les sociĂ©tĂ©s savantes dans lesquels ils s’inscrivent. Les inventaires floristiques fondent les limites et l’identitĂ© de l’Ouest de la France comme espace botanique, dĂ©fini par des facteurs sociaux et biologiques, oĂč la nature « sauvage » est recherchĂ©e. La comprĂ©hension du vĂ©gĂ©tal s’inscrit dans des cadres thĂ©oriques mouvants sur la notion d’espĂšces et de vivant. Elle implique le transport du vĂ©gĂ©tal dans diffĂ©rents espaces, tels que les jardins, les laboratoires, les musĂ©es. La prĂ©sence des plantes sur le terrain est une condition de validitĂ© de ces savoirs, mais l’appĂ©tit des collectionneurs et les modifications environnementales fragilisent cette Ă©quation. Si les botanistes tentent collectivement de modĂ©rer les collectes, ils interviennent aussi directement dans les milieux en multipliant ou plantant les vĂ©gĂ©taux, ou adoptent des positions critiques quant aux amĂ©nagements de l’environnement. Il s’agit de saisir la diversitĂ© et la densitĂ© des relations, entre les individus et Ă  l’environnement, qu’induit l’herborisation

    La mesure du temps dans les enregistrements sĂ©dimentaires : une nouvelle mĂ©thode d’identification des processus d’accommodation ? Exemples pris dans la Molasse marine miocĂšne du bassin de Digne (Alpes de Haute Provence, SE France)

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    CouĂ«ffĂ© Renaud, Tessier Bernadette, Gigot Patrick, Beaudoin Bernard. La mesure du temps dans les enregistrements sĂ©dimentaires : une nouvelle mĂ©thode d’identification des processus d’accommodation ? Exemples pris dans la Molasse marine miocĂšne du bassin de Digne (Alpes de Haute Provence, SE France). In: Documents des Laboratoires de GĂ©ologie, Lyon, n°156, 2002. STRATI 2002. 3Ăšme congrĂšs français de stratigraphie. Lyon, 8-10 juillet 2002. pp. 87-88

    Pre-, syn- and post-breakup evolution of northern South America from apatite fission track data and inverse thermal history modelling

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    International audiencePhanerozoic evolution of the Guiana Shield in northern South America is poorly known and remains an important question for source-to-sink studies. As part of the Source to Sink project TOTAL R&D-BRGM-INSU, this study presents a suite of 40 new apatite fission track analysis results from French Guiana, Surinam and north Brazil. Inverse thermal history modelling reveals a marked, albeit poorly constrained, period of relatively high temperatures (temperatures > 110 °C) during the Jurassic (200-150 Ma), i.e. prior to the generally accepted timing of the Equatorial Atlantic Ocean opening (150-110 Ma). Lower temperatures are recorded on the southerm flank of the Amazonas Basin and a little portion of the Surinam interior. All data reveal then a protracted phase of cooling starting from ~150 Ma and representing the main event during the Mesozoic and Cenozoic for French Guiana and Surinam basement. A second thermal event is nevertheless recorded after the deposition of Upper Jurassic and Lower Cretaceous detrital sedimentary rocks on the northern flank of the Amazonas Basin. Maximum temperatures for this event (80-100 °C) are reached during the middle Cretaceous (115-90 Ma). Implications of these new results for the Guiana Shied evolution and the Equatorial Atlantic opening are discussed

    Les dépÎts lacustres profonds d'ùge EocÚne supérieur - OligocÚne inférieur du rift des Limagnes

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    National audienceLes objectifs de cette Ă©tude visent Ă  proposer un modĂšle sĂ©dimentaire des dĂ©pĂŽts d'Ăąge EocĂšne supĂ©rieur et OligocĂšne infĂ©rieur du rift des Limagnes et de discuter des conditions hydrogĂ©ochimiques en rapport avec les facteurs tectono-climatiques responsables de l'architecture stratigraphique et sĂ©quentielle du remplissage du bassin. Les observations rĂ©alisĂ©es sur les puits carottĂ©s LIM-6 et LIM-3 mettent en Ă©vidence des dĂ©pĂŽts laminĂ©s argilo-carbonatĂ©s, anhydritiques et halitiques de lac profond maintenus sur plus de 500 m d'Ă©paisseur sans changement vertical significatif de facies qui traduiraient des fluctuations brusques du plan d'eau relatif. Les Ă©tudes bio-stratigraphiques dĂ©montrent que la saumure est majoritairement confinĂ©e et influencĂ©e par des recharges continentales, mĂȘme si des invasions marines ponctuelles ont Ă©tĂ© prouvĂ©es. Les sĂ©diments s'organisent en cycles Ă©lĂ©mentaires dĂ©cimĂ©triques Ă  mĂ©triques qui montrent des suites minĂ©ralogiques d'une grande rĂ©gularitĂ©, dĂ©pourvues de sables et caractĂ©risĂ©es par une taille de grains qui demeure trĂšs fine (argile, silts, boue calci- Ă  dolo-micritique). Certaines lamines boueuses carbonatĂ©es et argileuses lenticulaires rappellent des dĂ©pĂŽts de particules et flocules gorgĂ©es d'eau, Ă©rodĂ©es et transportĂ©es par des courants de fond. Dans le puits LIM-3, des accumulations dĂ©camĂ©triques de chevrons d'halite claire sont intercalĂ©es entre des facies laminĂ©es riches en matiĂšre organique de type « papyracĂ©s ». L'analyse de facies combinĂ©e aux corrĂ©lations de puits dĂ©montrent que la halite s'est cristallisĂ©e sur le fond du lac, sous la thermocline. Le modĂšle classique de « drawdown » ne peut s'appliquer pour expliquer leur dĂ©pĂŽt localisĂ© au fond du bassin. La permanence d'un lac profond alternativement stratifiĂ© et mĂ©langĂ© est mise en Ă©vidence. Les modalitĂ©s cycliques du remplissage sĂ©dimentaire sont conditionnĂ©es par une Ă©volution des paramĂštres hydro-chimiques et hydro-dynamiques entre l'EocĂšne supĂ©rieur et OligocĂšne infĂ©rieur, eux-mĂȘmes sous l'influence de la dĂ©formation tectonique et des variations climatiques

    The transition from Pyrenean shortening to Gulf of Lion rifting in Languedoc (South France) - A tectonic sedimentation analysis

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    International audienceThe Pyrenean orogen extended eastward, across the present-day Gulf of Lion margin. The late or post-orogenic dismantling of this orogen segment, contemporaneous with ongoing shortening in the Spanish PyrĂ©nĂ©es, is still debated. Understanding the transition between the two geodynamic events requires to document the precise timing of the succession of the tectonic processes involved. We investigate the superposition of rifting structures over Pyrenean thrusts and folds in the onshore Languedoc. Compilation and reassessment of the regional chronostratigraphy, in the light of recent biostratigraphic dating and new mapping of Paleogene basins, lead to date the transition to the Priabonian. Tectonic-sedimentation relationship in the Eocene to Oligocene depocentres are analysed in surface exposures as well as in seismic reflection surveys. Bed-to bed mapping allowed us to: i) characterise an intermediate sequence of Priabonian age, bounded at the base and the top by unconformities; ii) evidence syn-depositional deformation within the Priabonian; iii) define the axes of Priabonian deformation. Interpretation of seismic reflection profiles, across the onshore basins covered by syn- and post-rift sequences, reveals the existence of an intermediate sequence displaying similar features, and that is correlated to the Priabonian. Syn-depositional deformation of some Priabonian basins correspond to extensional structure, whereas neighbouring, contemporaneous basins, reveal compressional deformation. The distribution of such apparently conflicting observations across the studied area provides evidence for left-lateral strike-slip deformation between two major regional faults (CĂ©vennes and NĂźmes faults). Left-lateral strike-slip along NE-trending faults accommodates E-W extension of the West European Rift (ECRIS) and part of the ongoing N-S shortening in the Central and Western PyrĂ©nĂ©es. Priabonian clastic sedimentation and deformation in Languedoc witness the initial stages of the dismantling of the Languedoc-Provence PyrĂ©nĂ©es, prior to Oligocene-Aquitanian back-arc rifting.L’orogĂšne pyrĂ©nĂ©en s’étendait vers l’est Ă  l’emplacement actuel du Golfe du Lion. Contemporain de la poursuite de la compression dans les PyrĂ©nĂ©es franco-espagnoles, le dĂ©mantĂšlement tardi- ou post-orogĂ©nique de ce segment de l’orogĂšne est encore mal compris. La comprĂ©hension de la transition entre l’orogĂ©nĂšse PyrĂ©nĂ©o-Provençale et le rifting du Golfe du Lion nĂ©cessite de prĂ©ciser le calendrier des Ă©vĂšnements ainsi que la succession des diffĂ©rents processus tectoniques mis en jeu. Nous analysons la superposition des structures du rifting sur les structures compressives PyrĂ©nĂ©ennes exposĂ©es Ă  terre, dans le Languedoc. Tout d’abord, nous compilons et rĂ©visons la chronostratigraphie rĂ©gionale, Ă  la lumiĂšre de datations postĂ©rieures Ă  la publication des cartes au 1/50 000 du BRGM, et de la cartographie de plusieurs bassins palĂ©ogĂšnes. Nous datons cette transition du Priabonien. Nous analysons les relations tectonique-sĂ©dimentation des dĂ©pocentres EocĂšne Ă  OligocĂšne sur le terrain et en sismique rĂ©flexion. La cartographie banc-par-banc permet de : i) caractĂ©riser une sĂ©quence intermĂ©diaire d’ñge Priabonien encadrĂ©e par deux discordances, ii) mettre en Ă©vidence une dĂ©formation syn-dĂ©pĂŽt dans le remplissage Priabonien, iii) dĂ©finir les axes de la dĂ©formation priabonienne. L’interprĂ©tation de profils de sismique rĂ©flexion Ă  travers les bassins palĂ©ogĂšnes Ă  terre, recouverts par les sĂ©ries syn- et post-rift, rĂ©vĂšle l’existence d’une sĂ©quence intermĂ©diaire prĂ©sentant des caractĂ©ristiques similaires et que nous corrĂ©lons avec le Priabonien. La dĂ©formation syn-dĂ©pĂŽt de certains bassins est extensive, alors que dans des bassins voisins contemporains, elle est compressive. La distribution rĂ©gionale de ces observations apparemment contradictoires est interprĂ©tĂ©e comme liĂ©e Ă  un couloir de dĂ©formation en dĂ©crochement senestre entre les failles majeures des CĂ©vennes et de NĂźmes, d’orientation NE-SW. Ce dĂ©crochement accommode l’extension EW des rifts ouest-europĂ©ens et contribue au raccourcissement N-S des PyrĂ©nĂ©es franco-espagnoles, toujours actif au Priabonien. La sĂ©dimentation syn-tectonique clastique du Priabonien du Languedoc enregistre les premiers stades du dĂ©mantĂšlement de la chaĂźne pyrĂ©nĂ©o-provençale, plusieurs millions d’annĂ©es avant l’initiation de l’extension d’arriĂšre-arc
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