Decision Making in Traumatic Brain Injury: Different Paradigms of Assessment

El traumatismo craneoencefálico (TCE) se caracteriza por presentar complejidad clínica y frecuente ocurrencia en funciones ejecutivas como la toma de decisión (TD), los cuales aún permanecen insuficientemente investigados. El objetivo de la revisión sistemática fue caracterizar investigaciones empíricas que midieran la TD con instrumentos de evaluación de desempeño en adultos post-TCE, en cuanto a los objetivos, paradigmas utilizados, muestras de base y principales hallazgos. Fueron consultadas las bases Web of Science, PubMed/ MEDLINE y PsycInfo por publicaciones entre 2003 y 2013, con las palabras clave “decision making” AND “traumatic brain injury”. De los 800 abstracts inicialmente encontrados, 16 estudios fueron incluidos en la revisión después del análisis doblemente ciego. Los principales paradigmas utilizados fueron, en orden decreciente, Iowa Gambling Task, Cambridge Gambling Task, Simple/Choice Reaction Time, Tarea de Descuento Temporal e o Game of Dice Task. Los estudios evaluados dejaron en evidencia prejuicios ejecutivos de TD en pacientes post-TCE. Sin embargo, dos estudios no encontraron impacto en la TD de factores como el lugar de las lesiones encefálicas o el nivel de severidad del TCE. Algunas limitaciones se destacan, como la variabilidad en el tiempo post-lesión y ausencia o bajo control de variables psicopatológicas

Déficits Primários e Secundários de Funções Executivas Pós-TCE: análise de dissociações

The present study evaluated the presence of associations and dissociations between impairments in episodic memory and executive functions in patients with traumatic brain injury (TBI), and verified whether these deficits were primary or secondary. Eighty-one patients with TBI were assessed using the Rey Auditory Verbal Learning Test and the Hayling Test. The results suggest that impairments in inhibition speed may contribute to deficits in episodic memory, and that initiation and inhibition abilities may be complementary and the first precedes the second. Our findings highlighted that primary executive impairment following TBI may lead to episodic memory deficits.Este estudo avaliou as associações e dissociações encontradas entre déficits de memória episódica em relação aos de funções executivas e verificou se estes déficits encontrados eram primários ou secundários. Os 81 pacientes pós-Traumatismo Cranioencefálico (TCE) foram avaliados por meio do Teste de Aprendizagem Auditivo-Verbal de Rey e do Teste Hayling. Os resultados sugerem que prejuízo na velocidade de controle inibitório pode contribuir para déficit na memória episódica e que as velocidades de iniciação e inibição parecem ser complementares, mas a primeira precede a segunda. Nossos achados ressaltam que os prejuízos executivos provavelmente sejam primários em nossa amostra de pacientes pós-TCE e que estes prejuízos podem causar déficits na memória episódica

O Papel de Variáveis Sócio-Demográficas na Tomada de Decisão: Uma Revisão Sistemática sobre o Iowa Gambling Task

There is a growing interest in the role of socio-demographic variables in cognitive processing in recent years. Some studies in neuropsychology have been showing that socio-cultural factors can be important variables in the execution of neuropsychological tasks. However, investigations with healthy samples are still new in the field. This paper aims to present a systematic review of the literature about the role of the socio-demographic variables education, age and gender in the decision making processing assessed by the Iowa Gambling Task (IGT). MEDLINE, PUBMED, PSYCINFO and WEB OF SCIENCE databases were searched, from 2000 to 2010, with the following syntax keywords “education OR schooling AND Iowa Gambling Task” OR “somatic marker”; “age” OR “aging” AND “Iowa Gambling Task” OR “somatic marker”; and, “sex” OR “gender” AND “Iowa Gambling Task” OR “somatic marker”. Among the abstracts which fulfilled the inclusion criteria, 9 full-text papers were analyzed for the age factor, 3 papers for education and 6 for gender. Only a few studies were found about age, education and gender and their impact on IGT performance. The most studied variable was age. The majority of the studies showed that young adults presented better learning during the task when compared to elderly ones, but there were no differences regarding the total IGT score. When it comes to education few studies were found, and as regards gender, the results were contradictory. In this way the need of more studies with healthy samples which can clarify the role of age, schooling and gender in the decision making process evaluated by IGT was highlighted.El interés por estudiar el papel de las variables sociodemográficas en el funcionamiento cognitivo ha ido ganando atención en los últimos años. Algunos estudios en neuropsicología han demostrado que los factores socioculturales pueden ser variables importantes en el desempeño en las tareas neuropsicológicas. Sin embargo, las investigaciones con poblaciones saludables son aún recientes en el área. Este artículo tiene como objetivo realizar una revisión sistemática de la literatura sobre el papel de las variables sociodemográficas educación, edad y género en la toma de decisión evaluada por el Iowa Gambling Task (IGT). Fueron consultadas las bases de datos Medline, PubMed, Psycinfo y Web of Science, de 2000 hasta 2010, con las siguientes palabras en la sintaxis “education OR schooling AND Iowa Gambling Task” o “somatic marker” para la variable escolaridad; “age” o “aging” y “Iowa Gambling Task” o “somatic marker” para la variable edad y; “sex” o “gender” y “Iowa Gambling Task” o “somatic marker” para la variable sexo. De los resúmenes que cumplen los criterios de inclusión, fueron examinados nueve artículos completos para la variable edad, tres artículos para la variable escolaridad y seis artículos para la variable género. Se encontraron pocos estudios sobre los factores edad, escolaridad y género y su impacto sobre el desempeño en el IGT. La variable más estudiada ha sido la edad. La mayoría de los estudios demostraron que los adultos jóvenes presentaron un mejor aprendizaje a lo largo de la tarea, en comparación con los adultos mayores, pero no tuvieron diferencias en el rendimiento global del instrumento. En cuanto al factor escolaridad se han encontrado pocos estudios y con respecto a la variable de género los resultados son contradictorios. Por lo tanto, es evidente la necesidad de un mayor número de investigaciones con poblaciones saludables para aclarar la función de las variables edad, educación y género en la toma de decisión evaluada por el IGT.O interesse em estudar o papel de variáveis sócio-demográficas no funcionamento cognitivo vem ganhando destaque nos últimos anos. Alguns estudos em neuropsicologia têm mostrado que os fatores sócio-culturais podem ser variáveis importantes na execução de tarefas neuropsicológicas. No entanto, pesquisas com populações saudáveis ainda são recentes na área. O presente artigo teve por objetivo realizar uma revisão sistemática da literatura sobre o papel das variáveis sócio-demográficas escolaridade, idade e gênero no processamento da tomada de decisão avaliado pelo Iowa Gambling Task (IGT). Foram consultadas as bases de dados Medline, Pubmed, Psycinfo e Web of Science, no período de 2000 até 2010, com as seguintes palavras-chaves na sintaxe “education OR schooling AND Iowa Gambling Task” OR “somatic marker” para a variável escolaridade; “age” OR “aging” AND “Iowa Gambling Task” OR “somatic marker” para a variável idade e; “sex” OR “gender” AND “Iowa Gambling Task” OR “somatic marker” para a variável sexo/gênero. Dos abstracts que preenchiam os critérios de inclusão, foram examinados 9 artigos completos para a variável idade, 3 artigos para a variável escolaridade e 6 artigos para a variável gênero. Foram encontrados poucos estudos sobre os fatores idade, escolaridade e gênero e seu impacto no desempenho do IGT. A variável mais estudada foi a idade. A maioria dos estudos mostrou que os adultos jovens tiveram uma melhor aprendizagem ao longo da tarefa do que os adultos idosos, mas não tiveram diferenças quanto ao desempenho total no instrumento. Já quanto ao fator escolaridade poucos estudos foram encontrados e quanto à variável gênero os resultados são contraditórios. Assim, evidencia-se a necessidade de um maior número de investigações com populações saudáveis que esclareçam o papel das variáveis idade, escolaridade e gênero na tomada de decisão mensurada pelo IGT

Interface entre neuropsicologia e psicopatologia: fun??es executivas, vari?veis cl?nicas, qualidade de vida e funcionalidade na depress?o e no transtorno bipolar

Submitted by Setor de Tratamento da Informa??o - BC/PUCRS ([email protected]) on 2015-08-27T00:04:11Z No. of bitstreams: 1 472635 - Texto Parcial.pdf: 385091 bytes, checksum: 0749f1d7cc35f32e2f887e3f10ad9d0f (MD5)Made available in DSpace on 2015-08-27T00:04:11Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 472635 - Texto Parcial.pdf: 385091 bytes, checksum: 0749f1d7cc35f32e2f887e3f10ad9d0f (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015-03-11Coordena??o de Aperfei?oamento de Pessoal de N?vel Superior - CAPESSeveral neuropsychological and psychopathological studies have sought to identify the cognitive features associated with different psychiatric conditions and their relationship with clinical and demographic variables, functioning and quality of life. Major depressive (MDD) and bipolar disorder (BD) have been the subject of several such investigations, although findings are still preliminary and limited in their clinical applicability and generalizability due to the methodological heterogeneity of studies in the area. Therefore, the goal of this research was to investigate the relationship between cognitive, clinical and demographic features as well as quality of life and functioning in a naturalistic sample of patients with MDD and TB as compared to healthy subjects. The first study investigated differences between the cognitive performance of patients with MDD, BDI, BDII and adults with no mood disorders. Patients with MDD showed impairments in sustained and divided attention, working memory, verbal fluency, inhibitory control and decision making, especially in timed tasks. Patients with BDII showed variable performance and high rates of impairment in attentional interference control. Finally, patients with BDI showed consistently poorer performance than the remaining groups on most cognitive tasks, as well as greater impairments in attention and inhibition than individuals with MDD. In light of these findings and studies regarding the variability of cognitive profiles within diagnostic categories, the second study aimed to identify executive functioning profiles in mood disorders using hierarchical cluster analysis. Four distinct groups of participants were identified. The first was characterized by the absence of executive impairment and was mostly composed of control participants, while the second group showed slight impairments in inhibitory control, divided attention, working memory and verbal fluency. Clusters 3 and 4, composed clinical participants only, showed impairments in inhibitory control and working memory (cluster 3), and inhibitory control and cognitive flexibility (cluster 4). Given the heterogeneity of profiles identified, and the known impact of cognition on functional outcome and quality of life in mood disorders, the third study sought to identify profiles of functioning and quality of life in MDD and BD, as well as their association with clinical, demographic and cognitive variables. The subscales of the WHODAS 2.0 and WHOQOL-BREF questionnaires were submitted to a hierarchical cluster analysis, which assigned patients into three groups. The first, composed mostly of control participants and a small percentage of psychiatric patients, had the highest scores on these measures. The second group obtained intermediate scores, and contained mostly individuals with MDD and BDII, and, to a lesser extent, BDI and control participants. Lastly, cluster 3 had the worst overall performance and was composed predominantly of patients with TBI, and some patients with TBII and TDM. No control participants were included in this group. Poor functioning and quality of life were associated with impairments in inhibitory control, decision making and attentional control. Together, these studies provided important data regarding cognition, functioning and quality of life in mood disorders, revealing a continuum of severity and several possible targets for therapeutic approaches developed specifically for these diagnostic categories.Atualmente a neuropsicologia contribui ? psicopatologia pela busca e identifica??o de caracter?sticas cognitivas de diferentes quadros psicopatol?gicos, e sua rela??o com fatores cl?nicos, demogr?ficos, de capacidade funcional e qualidade de vida. Neste contexto, o transtorno depressivo maior (TDM) e o transtorno bipolar (TB) tem sido alvo de diversas investiga??es, embora ainda preliminares e com limitada aplicabilidade cl?nica e generalizabilidade devido a sua heterogeneidade metodol?gica. Assim, o objetivo desta pesquisa foi investigar a interrela??o entre fatores cognitivos, cl?nicos, demogr?ficos, a qualidade de vida e funcionalidade de amostra natural?stica de pacientes com TDM e TB, comparados a participantes saud?veis. O primeiro estudo visou a identificar diferen?as entre o TDM, TBI, TBII e participantes controles quanto aos processos neurocognitivos de fun??es executivas, atenc?o e velocidade de processamento. Pacientes com TDM apresentaram preju?zos na aten??o sustentada e dividida, mem?ria de trabalho, flu?ncia verbal livre, controle inibit?rio e tomada de decis?o, especialmente em tarefas envolvendo avalia??es temporais de desempenho. Pacientes com TBII apresentaram desempenho heterog?neo, e alta preval?ncia de d?ficits no controle de interfer?ncias atencionais. Por ?ltimo, pacientes com TBI apresentaram maior n?mero de componentes executivos prejudicados quando comparados ao restante dos grupos, al?m de maior preju?zo atencional e inibit?rio do que o TDM. Com base nestes achados e evid?ncias quanto ? variabilidade de perfis cognitivos dentro de diferentes categorias diagn?sticas, o segundo estudo buscou identificar perfis de funcionamento executivo nos transtornos do humor por meio de an?lise de clusters. Foram solicitados quatro agrupamentos distintos de participantes. O primeiro caracterizou-se pela aus?ncia de preju?zos executivos e predomin?ncia de participantes controles, e o segundo por preju?zos leves no controle inibit?rio, aten??o dividida, mem?ria de trabalho e flu?ncia verbal. Os clusters 3 e 4, compostos unicamente por participantes cl?nicos, apresentaram preju?zos inibit?rios e mnem?nicos de trabalho (cluster 3) e comprometimento no controle inibit?rio e flexibilidade cognitiva (cluster 4). Em vista da heterogeneidade de perfis identificados, e do conhecido impacto da cogni??o no desfecho funcional e na qualidade de vida de pacientes com transtornos do humor, o terceiro estudo buscou especificar perfis de funcionalidade e qualidade de vida no TDM e TB, e sua associa??o com vari?veis cl?nicas, demogr?ficas e cognitivas. A an?lise de clusters hier?rquicos baseada nas subescalas dos question?rios WHODAS 2.0 e WHOQOL-BREF identificaram tr?s perfis de qualidade de vida e de funcionalidade. No perfil 1, enquadraram-se a maioria dos participantes controle, assim como alguns membros dos grupos cl?nicos, apresentando os maiores escores de funcionalidade e qualidade de vida da amostra. O cluster 2, em posi??o intermedi?ria, foi composto em maior parte por pacientes portadores de TDM e TBII e em menor propor??o por pacientes com TBI e controles. Por ?ltimo, o cluster 3 apresentou o pior desempenho geral e foi composto predominantemente por pacientes portadores de TBI, alguns pacientes com TBII e com TDM, e aus?ncia de controles. Preju?zos na funcionalidade e qualidade de vida associaram-se a altera??es no controle inibit?rio, tomada de decis?o e controle atencional. Em conjunto, os estudos ofereceram dados importantes a respeito dos perfis cognitivos, de funcionalidade e qualidade de vida nos transtornos do humor, permitindo a identifica??o de um continuum de gravidade e apontando poss?veis focos para abordagens terap?uticas desenvolvidas para estas categorias diagn?sticas

La Toma de Decisión en el Traumatismo Craneoencefálico: Diferentes Paradigmas de Evaluación

Traumatic Brain Injury (TBI) is associated with significant cognitive impairment, especially in executive functions such as decision making (DM). However, the nature of such impairments has not been sufficiently investigated. The aim of the present review was to analyze current research on DM following TBI involving behavioral tests, describing and discussing the objectives, method, and findings of these studies. Articles published between 2003 and 2013 were retrieved from the Web of Science, PubMed/MEDLINE and PsycInfo databases using the keywords “decision making” AND “traumatic brain injury.” Sixteen of the 800 abstracts located were selected by two independent researchers for inclusion in the review. The most commonly used instruments for assessing TD were, in descending order: Iowa Gambling Task, Cambridge Gambling Task, Simple/Choice Reaction Time, Temporal Discounting Task and the Game of Dice Task. Although patients with TBI tended to exhibit DM impairments, two studies found no associations between DM impairment, TBI severity or the location of brain lesions. Limitations of the studies reviewed included the variability in time since TBI at assessment and the lack of control of psychopathological variables.El traumatismo craneoencefálico (TCE) es una de las condiciones neurológicas más graves e incapacitantes en el mundo. La presentación clínica del TCE es variada, produciendo cambios en la personalidad, cognición y comportamiento. Aunque las alteraciones cognitivas en pacientes con TCE pueden influir en una gran variedad de procesos ejecutivos, como la toma de decisiones (TD), estas alteraciones no han sido suficientemente estudiadas. Por lo tanto, el objetivo de esta revisión sistemática fue describir los estudios empíricos que investigan la TD en pacientes con TCE utilizando medidas comportamentales, así como describir los objetivos, las herramientas de evaluación de TD, las muestras y las principales conclusiones de estos estudios. Se realizaron búsquedas de artículos publicados desde 2003 hasta 2013 en las bases de datos Web of Science, PubMed / MEDLINE y PsycInfo, utilizando las palabras clave "decision making" y "traumatic brain injury.” De los 800 resúmenes recuperados con las búsquedas, 16 fueron seleccionados por dos investigadores independientes utilizando criterios predefinidos. En general, hay pocas investigaciones sobre el proceso de TD en pacientes con TCE. Las medidas de TD más utilizadas en los estudios analizados en este artículo fueron, principales medidas de paradigmas han sido utilizados fueron, en orden descendente, la Iowa Gambling Task, Cambridge Gambling Task, Tiempo de Reacción Simple/Complejo, Tarea de Descuento Temporal y Game of Dice Task. Aunque los resultados muestran déficits en el proceso de TD en pacientes con TCE, algunos estudios no han encontrado influencia de factores como la localización de las lesiones cerebrales o la gravedad del TCE en la TD. Sin embargo, los estudios tienen algunas limitaciones, como la variabilidad del tiempo desde la lesión y la ausencia de control de variables psicopatológicas.El traumatismo craneoencefálico (TCE) se caracteriza por presentar complejidad clínica y frecuente ocurrencia en funciones ejecutivas como la toma de decisión (TD), los cuales aún permanecen insuficientemente investigados. El objetivo de la revisión sistemática fue caracterizar investigaciones empíricas que midieran la TD con instrumentos de evaluación de desempeño en adultos post-TCE, en cuanto a los objetivos, paradigmas utilizados, muestras de base y principales hallazgos. Fueron consultadas las bases Web of Science, PubMed/ MEDLINE y PsycInfo por publicaciones entre 2003 y 2013, con las palabras clave “decision making” AND “traumatic brain injury”. De los 800 abstracts inicialmente encontrados, 16 estudios fueron incluidos en la revisión después del análisis doblemente ciego. Los principales paradigmas utilizados fueron, en orden decreciente, Iowa Gambling Task, Cambridge Gambling Task, Simple/Choice Reaction Time, Tarea de Descuento Temporal e o Game of Dice Task. Los estudios evaluados dejaron en evidencia prejuicios ejecutivos de TD en pacientes post-TCE. Sin embargo, dos estudios no encontraron impacto en la TD de factores como el lugar de las lesiones encefálicas o el nivel de severidad del TCE. Algunas limitaciones se destacan, como la variabilidad en el tiempo post-lesión y ausencia o bajo control de variables psicopatológicas

Adaptation and validation of the Melbourne Decision Making Questionnaire to Brazilian Portuguese

Abstract Introduction: Decision making (DM) is among the most important abilities for everyday functioning. However, the most widely used measures of DM come from behavioral paradigms, whose ecological validity and standalone use has been criticized in the literature. Though these issues could be addressed by the use of DM questionnaires as a complementary assessment method, no such instruments have been validated for use in Brazilian Portuguese. Therefore, the aim of this study was to conduct the translation and validation of the Melbourne Decision Making Questionnaire (MDMQ) for use in a Brazilian population. Methods: The adaptation of the MDMQ involved the following steps: translation, back-translation, expert review and pilot study. These steps were followed by factor analysis and internal consistency measurements, which led to the exclusion of 4 items from the scale. The 18-item version of the MDMQ was then administered to a validation sample consisting of healthy adults, as well as patients with bipolar disorder (BD) and major depressive disorder (MDD). Results: The instrument displayed good internal consistency, with the hypervigilance subscale showing the lowest, though still acceptable, Cronbach's alpha value. Its factor structure was comparable to that of the original MDMQ according to confirmatory factor analysis. Nevertheless, the MDMQ was sensitive to both depression severity and the presence of MDD and BD, both of which are known to have an impact on DM ability. Conclusion: The version of the MDMQ produced in the present study may be an important addition to neuropsychological assessment batteries with a focus on DM and related abilitie

Adaptation and validation of the Melbourne Decision Making Questionnaire to Brazilian Portuguese

<div><p>Abstract Introduction: Decision making (DM) is among the most important abilities for everyday functioning. However, the most widely used measures of DM come from behavioral paradigms, whose ecological validity and standalone use has been criticized in the literature. Though these issues could be addressed by the use of DM questionnaires as a complementary assessment method, no such instruments have been validated for use in Brazilian Portuguese. Therefore, the aim of this study was to conduct the translation and validation of the Melbourne Decision Making Questionnaire (MDMQ) for use in a Brazilian population. Methods: The adaptation of the MDMQ involved the following steps: translation, back-translation, expert review and pilot study. These steps were followed by factor analysis and internal consistency measurements, which led to the exclusion of 4 items from the scale. The 18-item version of the MDMQ was then administered to a validation sample consisting of healthy adults, as well as patients with bipolar disorder (BD) and major depressive disorder (MDD). Results: The instrument displayed good internal consistency, with the hypervigilance subscale showing the lowest, though still acceptable, Cronbach's alpha value. Its factor structure was comparable to that of the original MDMQ according to confirmatory factor analysis. Nevertheless, the MDMQ was sensitive to both depression severity and the presence of MDD and BD, both of which are known to have an impact on DM ability. Conclusion: The version of the MDMQ produced in the present study may be an important addition to neuropsychological assessment batteries with a focus on DM and related abilities</p></div

Avaliação da tomada de decisão utilizando questionários: revisão sistemática da literatura

The goal of the present study was to review the current literature regarding the use of questionnaires and scales in the assessment of the executive function of decision making (DM) in healthy adults. Articles published between 1990 and November 2012 were retrieved from the PubMed, Web of Science and PsycInfo databases in November, 2012. The keywords used in the search consisted of a combination of the terms “decision making” with “scale,” “questionnaire,” “assessment” and “instrument.” The results obtained indicate a scarcity of standardized questionnaires applicable to the assessment of DM. The Melbourne Decision Making Questionnaire (MDMQ) was the most extensively used instrument in DM assessment. These results underscore the importance of national and international studies comparing MDMQ scores to scores in other DM assessment instruments, so as to offer a more complete and accurate perspective.O objetivo do presente estudo foi realizar uma revisão sistemática da literatura sobre o uso de questionários para a avaliação da função executiva tomada de decisão (TD) em adultos saudáveis. Foram realizadas buscas nas bases de dados PubMed, Web of Science e PsycINFO por artigos publicados entre 1990 e novembro de 2012. As palavras chave utilizadas nas buscas consistiram de combinações dos termos decision making com scale, questionnaire, assessment e instrument. A partir dos resultados obtidos, observou-se uma escassez de questionários padronizados que possibilitassem a avaliação da TD em suas principais propostas teóricas. Destacou-se a Melbourne Decision Making Questionnaire (MDMQ) por ser o parâmetro mais utilizado de TD em diversas populações. Frente aos resultados, faz-se necessária a realização de estudos nacionais e internacionais com a MDMQ utilizando também outros paradigmas de avaliação de TD, de modo a oferecer uma perspectiva mais completa e apurada.El objetivo del presente estudio fue realizar una revisión sistemática de la literatura sobre el uso de cuestionarios para evaluar las funciones ejecutivas de Toma de Decisión (TD) en adultos saludables. Se consultaron las bases de datos PubMed, Web of Science y PsycInfo para la búsqueda de artículos publicados entre 1990 y noviembre 2012. Las palabras clave utilizadas en las búsquedas consistieron en combinaciones de los términos decision making con scale, questionnaire, assessment e instrument. A partir de los resultados obtenidos, se observó una escasez de cuestionarios normalizados que posibilitasen la evaluación del TD en sus principales propuestas teóricas. El Melbourne Decision Making Questionnaire (MDMQ) se destacó como el instrumento más utilizado para TD en diversas poblaciones. En base a los resultados, son necesarios más estudios nacionales e internacionales con la MDMQ con otros paradigmas de evaluación de TD para ofrecer una perspectiva más completa y precisa