1,621 research outputs found
Gap between Lyapunov exponents for Hitchin representations
We study Lyapunov exponents for flat bundles over hyperbolic curves defined
via parallel transport over the geodesic flow. We consider them as invariants
on the space of Hitchin representations and show that there is a gap between
any two consecutive Lyapunov exponents. Moreover we characterize the
uniformizing representation of the Riemann surface as the one with the extremal
gaps.
The strategy of the proof is to relate Lyapunov exponents in the case of
Anosov representations to other invariants, where the gap result is already
available or where we can directly show it. In particular, firstly we relate
Lyapunov exponents to a foliated Lyapunov exponent associated to a foliation
H\"older isomorphic to the unstable foliation on the unitary tangent bundle of
a Riemann surface. Secondly, we relate them to the renormalized intersection
product in the setting of the thermodynamic formalism developed by Bridgeman,
Canary, Labourie and Sambarino
Chern classes of linear submanifolds with application to spaces of k-differentials and ball quotients
We provide formulas for the Chern classes of linear submanifolds of the
moduli spaces of Abelian differentials and hence for their Euler
characteristic. This includes as special case the moduli spaces of
k-differentials, for which we set up the full intersection theory package and
implement it in the sage-program diffstrata.
As an application, we give an algebraic proof of the theorems of
Deligne-Mostow and Thurston that suitable compactifications of moduli spaces of
k-differentials on the 5-punctured projective line with weights satisfying the
INT-condition are quotients of the complex two-ball
X-ray high-resolution spectroscopy reveals feedback in a Seyfert galaxy from an ultra fast wind with complex ionization and velocity structure
Winds outflowing from Active Galactic Nuclei (AGNs) may carry significant
amount of mass and energy out to their host galaxies. In this paper we report
the detection of a sub-relativistic outflow observed in the Narrow Line Seyfert
1 Galaxy IRAS17020+4544 as a series of absorption lines corresponding to at
least 5 absorption components with an unprecedented wide range of associated
column densities and ionization levels and velocities in the range of
23,000-33,000 km/s, detected at X-ray high spectral resolution (E/Delta E
~1000) with the ESA's observatory XMM-Newton. The charge states of the material
constituting the wind clearly indicate a range of low to moderate ionization
states in the outflowing gas and column densities significantly lower than
observed in highly ionized ultra fast outflows. We estimate that at least one
of the outflow components may carry sufficient energy to substantially suppress
star formation, and heat the gas in the host galaxy. IRAS17020+4544 provides
therefore an interesting example of feedback by a moderately luminous AGN
hosted in a spiral galaxy, a case barely envisaged in most evolution models,
which often predict that feedback processes take place in massive elliptical
galaxies hosting luminous quasars in a post merger phase.Comment: 8 pages, 3 figures, to appear on ApJ Letter
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Determinants of Sovereign Bond Yield Spreads in the EMU. An Optimal Currency Area Perspective
In the light of the recent financial crisis, we take a panel cointegration approach that allows for structural breaks to the analysis of the determinants of sovereign bond yield spreads in nine economies of the European Monetary Union. While we find evidence for a level break in the cointegrating relationship, we do not find empirical support for a regime shift and hence for a change in the pricing of the determinants of sovereign spreads. Moreover, results show that (i) fiscal imbalances (namely expected government debt-to-GDP differentials) are the main long-run drivers of sovereign spreads; (ii) liquidity risks and cumulated inflation differentials have non-negligible weights; but (iii) all conclusions are ultimately connected to whether or not the sample of countries is composed of members of an Optimal Currency Area (OCA). In particular, we establish (i) that results are overall driven by those countries not passing the OCA test; and (ii) that investors closely monitor and severely punish the deterioration of expected debt positions of those economies exhibiting significant gaps in competitiveness
Pedunculated Angiomyofibroblastoma of the Vulva: Case Report and Review of the Literature
Angiomyofibroblastoma (AMFB) is a rare benign mesenchymal tumour that occurs almost exclusively in the vulvovaginal region of women but can also occur occasionally in the inguinoscrotal region of men. It is a well-circumscribed lesion that clinically is often thought to represent a Bartholin's gland cyst and usually does not form a pedunculated mass. To our knowledge, only five cases of vulvar AMFB with pedunculated mass have been reported in the English literature and all cases involving the labia majora and middle-aged women. We report the first case of pedunculated AMFB of the vulva occurring in a young woman of 21 years old and involving the left labia minora. After excluding the most common diseases, pedunculated AMFB should be part of differential diagnosis in the workup of any pedunculated vulvar mass even in young women with a lesion involving the labia minora. We reviewed the literature and summarized all reported cases
Simulated microgravity promotes the formation of tridimensional cultures and stimulates pluripotency and a glycolytic metabolism in human hepatic and biliary tree stem/progenitor cells
Many pivotal biological cell processes are affected by gravity. The aim of our study was to evaluate biological and functional effects, differentiation potential and exo-metabolome profile of simulated microgravity (SMG) on human hepatic cell line (HepG2) and human biliary tree stem/progenitor cells (hBTSCs). Both hBTSCs and HepG2 were cultured in a weightless and protected environment SGM produced by the Rotary Cell Culture System (Synthecon) and control condition in normal gravity (NG). Self-replication and differentiation toward mature cells were determined by culturing hBTSCs in Kubota's Medium (KM) and in hormonally defined medium (HDM) tailored for hepatocyte differentiation. The effects on the expression and cell exo-metabolome profiles of SMG versus NG cultures were analyzed. SMG promotes tridimensional (3D) cultures of hBTSCs and HepG2. Significative increase of stemness gene expression (p < 0.05) has been observed in hBTSCs cultured in SMG when compared to NG condition. At the same time, the expression of hepatocyte lineage markers in hBTSCs differentiated by HDM was significantly lower (p < 0.05) in SMG compared to NG, demonstrating an impaired capability of hBTSCs to differentiate in vitro toward mature hepatocytes when cultured in SMG condition. Furthermore, in HepG2 cells the SMG caused a lower (p < 0.05 vs controls) transcription of CYP3A4, a marker of late-stage (i.e. Zone 3) hepatocytes. Exo-metabolome NMR-analysis showed that both cell cultures consumed a higher amount of glucose and lower glutamate in SMG respect to NG (p < 0.05). Moreover, hBTSCs media cultures resulted richer of released fermentation (lactate, acetate) and ketogenesis products (B-hydroxybutyrate) in SGM (p < 0.05) than NG. While, HepG2 cells showed higher consumption of amino acids and release of ketoacids (3-Methyl-2-oxovalerate, 2-oxo-4-methyl-valerate) and formiate with respect to normogravity condition (p < 0.05). Based on our results, SMG could be helpful for developing hBTSCs-derived liver devices. In conclusion, SMG favored the formation of hBTSCs and HepG2 3D cultures and the maintenance of stemness contrasting cell differentiation; these effects being associated with stimulation of glycolytic metabolism. Interestingly, the impact of SMG on stem cell biology should be taken into consideration for workers involved in space medicine programs
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