Reproducción y género: consideraciones sobre la paternidad, la masculinidad y las teorías de la concepción

Este artículo presenta una discusión sobre reproducción y género, a partir de una investigación realizada con hombres que habían recurrido a un ambulatorio de reproducción humana en la ciudad de Campinas (SP, Brasil), en busca de tratamiento para esterilidad o informaciones y métodos de planificación familiar. La investigación tuvo como objetivo estudiar las representaciones masculinas de la paternidad, analizando lo que ellas revelaban sobre la masculinidad y sobre las formas como el género es constituido. El estudio apuntó asociaciones entre paternidad y masculinidad, entre fertilidad y masculinidad, pero siempre mediadas por el género y por conexiones específicas. El estudio llevó, aún, a una reflexión sobre teorías de la concepción, analizando como una teoría duogenética de la reproducción informa las representaciones de los entrevistados sobre paternidad y maternidad

De Clonagens E De Paternidades: As Encruzilhadas Do Gênero

Resumo Centrando-me nas concepções sobre paternidade presentes em diversos âmbitos – mídia, o acadêmico e ONGs – levanto, neste texto, algumas questões. Pensando nas noções de gênero como mediadoras das concepções sobre paternidade, pergunto-me sobre a importância da paternidade na elaboração das concepções sobre masculinidade. Indago-me também sobre as concepções e relações de gênero reveladas através do estudo da masculinidade. Abstract This text focuses conceptions related to paternity circulating in the media, the academic milieu and NGOs discussions. Considering that gender notions mediate conceptions related to paternity, this article raises questions about paternity’s importance in conceptions of masculinity and about gender relations unveiled by studying masculinity011157-199Gêner

Trabalho, Saúde E Gênero Na Era Da Globalização

.010441-443Gêner

Analysis of the global strategy on diet, physical activity and health of the World Health Organization

O presente documento analisa a Estratégia Global para Alimentação, Atividade Física e Saúde da Organização Mundial da Saúde (EG/OMS), em resposta à demanda da Portaria no 596/GM, de 8 de abril de 2004, do Ministério da Saúde. A análise das evidências científicas que apóiam cada recomendação feita pela EG/OMS foi realizada tendo como referência os critérios definidos pelo Grupo de Peritos do Relatório 916 da OMS, o qual determina a classificação das evidências em convincente, provável, possível e insuficiente. Realizou-se reunião com os componentes do grupo responsável por este documento, para analisar as evidências científicas que apóiam a iniciativa da OMS e classificá-las por consenso, segundo os critérios utilizados na sua elaboração. Projeções para as próximas décadas indicam um crescimento epidêmico das doenças não transmissíveis - particularmente das doenças cardiovasculares, neoplasias e diabetes tipo 2 - na maioria dos países em desenvolvimento. A transição nutricional em curso nesses países, com o aumento expressivo da obesidade, é um dos fatores mais importantes para explicar essa tendência. As recomendações da EG/OMS baseiam-se em evidências científicas convincentes e criam oportunidades para promover a saúde e prevenir o crescimento da obesidade e das doenças não transmissíveis no país e no mundo. A EG/OMS é parte de um grande esforço em prol da alimentação, atividade física e Saúde Pública. __________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ ABSTRACTThe current document analyzes the Global Strategy on Diet, Physical Activity and Health of the World Health Organization (GS/WHO), and is a response to the Brazilian Ministry of Health Directive nº 596/GM, of 8th April 2004. The criteria proposed by the WHO Report 916 were adopted to analyze the scientific evidence supporting each recommendation made by the GS/WHO, which are categorized based on a classification system of: convincing, probable, possible, and insufficient. The technical group analyzed the published evidence supporting GS/WHO recommendations and classified them by consensus, as proposed by WHO Report 916 criteria. Projections for the next decades point to an epidemic of non-transmissible diseases - particularly cardiovascular diseases, cancer and type 2 diabetes - in most developing countries. The dietary transition, due to the observed increases in obesity, is one of the most important reasons for this tendency. Recomendations by GS/WHO are based on convincing scientific evidence and create opportunities for health promotion, and for preventing of obesity and non-communicable diseases in the country and worldwilde. The GS/WHO is part of a greater effort to realize the benefits of diet, physical activity and public health

Reproducibilidad y validez relativa del Cuestionario de Frecuencia Alimentaria del ELSA-Brasil

Avaliou-se a reprodutibilidade e a validade do Questionário de Frequência Alimentar (QFA) utilizado no Estudo Longitudinal de Saúde do Adulto (ELSA-Brasil). Foram aplicados três registros alimentares e um QFA em dois momentos no período de um ano (n = 281). Valores de energia e nutrientes dos registros alimentares foram deatenuados e Log transformados. Para avaliação da reprodutibilidade e validade foi aplicado o teste de correlação intraclasse (CCI) e calculados percentuais de concordância do consumo de nutrientes após categorização por tercis. Na avaliação da reprodutibilidade, coeficientes de CCI variaram de 0,55-0,83 para proteína e vitamina E, respectivamente; na avaliação da validade, variaram de 0,20-0,72 para selênio e cálcio, respectivamente. Concordâncias exata e adjacente entre métodos variaram de 82,9% para vitamina E a 89% para lipídio e cálcio (média = 86%). Foi encontrada uma discordância média de 13,6%. Conclui-se que o QFA ELSA-Brasil apresenta confiabilidade satisfatória para todos nutrientes e validade relativa razoável para energia, macronutrientes, cálcio, potássio e vitaminas E e C.This study evaluated the reproducibility and relative validity of the Food Frequency Questionnaire (FFQ) used in the Brazilian Longitudinal Study of Adult Health (ELSA-Brasil). Participants (n = 281) completed the FFQ and three food records on two occasions during a 12-month period. Energy and nutrient values from food records were disattenuated and log-transformed. Reproducibility and validity were assessed by the intra-class correlation coefficient (ICC). Agreement between the two methods was evaluated by classification in tertiles. In the evaluation of reproducibility, ICC estimated ranged from 0.55 to 0.83 for protein and vitamin E, respectively. On relative validity, ICC ranged from 0.20 to 0.72 for selenium and calcium, respectively. Exact and adjacent agreement between methods varied from 82.9% for vitamin E to 89% for lipids and calcium (mean 86%). Average disagreement was 13.6%. In conclusion, this FFQ showed satisfactory reliability for all nutrients and reasonable validity, especially for energy, macronutrients, calcium, potassium, and vitamins E and C

The complete genome sequence of Chromobacterium violaceum reveals remarkable and exploitable bacterial adaptability

Chromobacterium violaceum is one of millions of species of free-living microorganisms that populate the soil and water in the extant areas of tropical biodiversity around the world. Its complete genome sequence reveals (i) extensive alternative pathways for energy generation, (ii) ≈500 ORFs for transport-related proteins, (iii) complex and extensive systems for stress adaptation and motility, and (iv) wide-spread utilization of quorum sensing for control of inducible systems, all of which underpin the versatility and adaptability of the organism. The genome also contains extensive but incomplete arrays of ORFs coding for proteins associated with mammalian pathogenicity, possibly involved in the occasional but often fatal cases of human C. violaceum infection. There is, in addition, a series of previously unknown but important enzymes and secondary metabolites including paraquat-inducible proteins, drug and heavy-metal-resistance proteins, multiple chitinases, and proteins for the detoxification of xenobiotics that may have biotechnological applications

Rationale, study design, and analysis plan of the Alveolar Recruitment for ARDS Trial (ART): Study protocol for a randomized controlled trial

Background: Acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) is associated with high in-hospital mortality. Alveolar recruitment followed by ventilation at optimal titrated PEEP may reduce ventilator-induced lung injury and improve oxygenation in patients with ARDS, but the effects on mortality and other clinical outcomes remain unknown. This article reports the rationale, study design, and analysis plan of the Alveolar Recruitment for ARDS Trial (ART). Methods/Design: ART is a pragmatic, multicenter, randomized (concealed), controlled trial, which aims to determine if maximum stepwise alveolar recruitment associated with PEEP titration is able to increase 28-day survival in patients with ARDS compared to conventional treatment (ARDSNet strategy). We will enroll adult patients with ARDS of less than 72 h duration. The intervention group will receive an alveolar recruitment maneuver, with stepwise increases of PEEP achieving 45 cmH(2)O and peak pressure of 60 cmH2O, followed by ventilation with optimal PEEP titrated according to the static compliance of the respiratory system. In the control group, mechanical ventilation will follow a conventional protocol (ARDSNet). In both groups, we will use controlled volume mode with low tidal volumes (4 to 6 mL/kg of predicted body weight) and targeting plateau pressure <= 30 cmH2O. The primary outcome is 28-day survival, and the secondary outcomes are: length of ICU stay; length of hospital stay; pneumothorax requiring chest tube during first 7 days; barotrauma during first 7 days; mechanical ventilation-free days from days 1 to 28; ICU, in-hospital, and 6-month survival. ART is an event-guided trial planned to last until 520 events (deaths within 28 days) are observed. These events allow detection of a hazard ratio of 0.75, with 90% power and two-tailed type I error of 5%. All analysis will follow the intention-to-treat principle. Discussion: If the ART strategy with maximum recruitment and PEEP titration improves 28-day survival, this will represent a notable advance to the care of ARDS patients. Conversely, if the ART strategy is similar or inferior to the current evidence-based strategy (ARDSNet), this should also change current practice as many institutions routinely employ recruitment maneuvers and set PEEP levels according to some titration method.Hospital do Coracao (HCor) as part of the Program 'Hospitais de Excelencia a Servico do SUS (PROADI-SUS)'Brazilian Ministry of Healt

Reproduction and Gender: Paternities, Masculinities and Conception Theories

This article carries on a discussion on reproduction and gender based on interviews with men in a human reproduction clinic in the city of Campinas (SP, Brazil),who were seeking treatment for sterility or information about methods of family planning. The object of the research was to investigate male representations of paternity, analyzing what this revealed about masculinity and the ways in which gender is constituted. The study found associations between paternity and masculinity, between fertility and masculinity, but always mediated by gender and by specific connections. The study led to a reflection on conception theories, especially on how a duogenetic theory of reproduction is present in the representations of the people interviewed about paternity and maternity