Eshu, the orisha phallic of Nago-Yoruba mythology: demonization and its redefinition in Umbanda.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-07-27T13:48:26Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 OLI SANTOS DA COSTA.pdf: 12220720 bytes, checksum: 78e07d8231f4d2024bc1c82574747cd3 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2012-08-27The present dissertation analyzes the phallic orisha Eshu through the prism of his demonization still on African soil as well as the continuation of this process after the entry of black slaves in Colonial Brazil, passing through the Imperial Brazil, Brazil Republic until nowadays. This research attempted to highlight the primordial myth of orisha Eshu with the arrival of Africans, pointing out the conflicts generated by the supremacy of the catholic religion, tied to the crown, even as the traditional African beliefs that were eliminated by the colonizer and by the church. The results show a concern in relation to the control of the orisha Eshu. He has been wrongly misinterpreted to be associated with the Christian devil by the Christian missionaries. This study attempted to demonstrate that the orisha Eshu lost his main features towards the Christian morality by reason of his phallic aspects and his libertarian impulse. Nowadays, Eshu-soul, ie the resignification of the orisha Eshu in umbanda and in other Afro-Brazilian religions, represents a threat to the old institutions since Eshu and his partner, Pomba-gira, try to invert and subvert the established order.A presente dissertação analisa o orixá fálico Exu sob o prisma de sua demonização ainda em solo africano bem como a continuação desse processo após a entrada dos escravos negros no Brasil Colonial, passando pelo Brasil Imperial, Brasil República até chegar aos dias atuais. Esta pesquisa buscou ressaltar o mito primordial do orixá Exu junto à chegada dos africanos, apontando os conflitos gerados pela supremacia da religião católica, atrelada à coroa, assim como as crenças tradicionais africanas que foram suprimidas pelo colonizador e pela Igreja. Os resultados mostram uma preocupação em relação ao controle do orixá Exu, tendo ele sido erroneamente mal interpretado pelos missionários cristãos ao associarem-no ao diabo cristão. Este estudo procurou demonstrar que o orixá Exu, em razão de seus aspectos fálicos e do ímpeto libertário, perdeu suas principais características frente à moralidade cristã. Nos dias atuais, o Exu-alma, ou seja, a ressignificação do orixá Exu na umbanda e em outras religiões afro-brasileiras, representa uma ameaça para as velhas instituições, uma vez que Exu e sua parceira, Pombagira, tentam inverter e subverter a ordem estabelecida

A global metagenomic map of urban microbiomes and antimicrobial resistance

We present a global atlas of 4,728 metagenomic samples from mass-transit systems in 60 cities over 3 years, representing the first systematic, worldwide catalog of the urban microbial ecosystem. This atlas provides an annotated, geospatial profile of microbial strains, functional characteristics, antimicrobial resistance (AMR) markers, and genetic elements, including 10,928 viruses, 1,302 bacteria, 2 archaea, and 838,532 CRISPR arrays not found in reference databases. We identified 4,246 known species of urban microorganisms and a consistent set of 31 species found in 97% of samples that were distinct from human commensal organisms. Profiles of AMR genes varied widely in type and density across cities. Cities showed distinct microbial taxonomic signatures that were driven by climate and geographic differences. These results constitute a high-resolution global metagenomic atlas that enables discovery of organisms and genes, highlights potential public health and forensic applications, and provides a culture-independent view of AMR burden in cities.Funding: the Tri-I Program in Computational Biology and Medicine (CBM) funded by NIH grant 1T32GM083937; GitHub; Philip Blood and the Extreme Science and Engineering Discovery Environment (XSEDE), supported by NSF grant number ACI-1548562 and NSF award number ACI-1445606; NASA (NNX14AH50G, NNX17AB26G), the NIH (R01AI151059, R25EB020393, R21AI129851, R35GM138152, U01DA053941); STARR Foundation (I13- 0052); LLS (MCL7001-18, LLS 9238-16, LLS-MCL7001-18); the NSF (1840275); the Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation (OPP1151054); the Alfred P. Sloan Foundation (G-2015-13964); Swiss National Science Foundation grant number 407540_167331; NIH award number UL1TR000457; the US Department of Energy Joint Genome Institute under contract number DE-AC02-05CH11231; the National Energy Research Scientific Computing Center, supported by the Office of Science of the US Department of Energy; Stockholm Health Authority grant SLL 20160933; the Institut Pasteur Korea; an NRF Korea grant (NRF-2014K1A4A7A01074645, 2017M3A9G6068246); the CONICYT Fondecyt Iniciación grants 11140666 and 11160905; Keio University Funds for Individual Research; funds from the Yamagata prefectural government and the city of Tsuruoka; JSPS KAKENHI grant number 20K10436; the bilateral AT-UA collaboration fund (WTZ:UA 02/2019; Ministry of Education and Science of Ukraine, UA:M/84-2019, M/126-2020); Kyiv Academic Univeristy; Ministry of Education and Science of Ukraine project numbers 0118U100290 and 0120U101734; Centro de Excelencia Severo Ochoa 2013–2017; the CERCA Programme / Generalitat de Catalunya; the CRG-Novartis-Africa mobility program 2016; research funds from National Cheng Kung University and the Ministry of Science and Technology; Taiwan (MOST grant number 106-2321-B-006-016); we thank all the volunteers who made sampling NYC possible, Minciencias (project no. 639677758300), CNPq (EDN - 309973/2015-5), the Open Research Fund of Key Laboratory of Advanced Theory and Application in Statistics and Data Science – MOE, ECNU, the Research Grants Council of Hong Kong through project 11215017, National Key RD Project of China (2018YFE0201603), and Shanghai Municipal Science and Technology Major Project (2017SHZDZX01) (L.S.