47 research outputs found

    Characterization of RNA Helicase CshA and Its Role in Protecting mRNAs and Small RNAs of Staphylococcus aureus Strain Newman

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    The toxin MazFsa in Staphylococcus aureus is a sequence-specific endoribonuclease that cleaves the majority of the mRNAs in vivo but spares many essential mRNAs (e.g., secY mRNA) and, surprisingly, an mRNA encoding a regulatory protein (i.e., sarA mRNA). We hypothesize that some mRNAs may be protected by RNA-binding protein(s) from degradation by MazFsa. Using heparin-Sepharose-enriched fractions that hybridized to sarA mRNA on Northwestern blots, we identified among multiple proteins the DEAD box RNA helicase CshA (NWMN_1985 or SA1885) by mass spectroscopy. Purified CshA exhibits typical RNA helicase activities, as exemplified by RNA-dependent ATPase activity and unwinding of the DNA-RNA duplex. A severe growth defect was observed in the cshA mutant compared with the parent when grown at 25°C but not at 37°C. Activation of MazFsa in the cshA mutant resulted in lower CFU per milliliter accompanied by a precipitous drop in viability (∌40%) compared to those of the parent and complemented strains. NanoString analysis reveals diminished expression of a small number of mRNAs and 22 small RNAs (sRNAs) in the cshA mutant versus the parent upon MazFsa induction, thus implying protection of these RNAs by CshA. In the case of the sRNA teg049 within the sarA locus, we showed that the protective effect was likely due to transcript stability as revealed by reduced half-life in the cshA mutant versus the parent. Accordingly, CshA likely stabilizes selective mRNAs and sRNAs in vivo and as a result enhances S. aureus survival upon MazFsa induction during stress

    A type IV modification-dependent restriction enzyme SauUSI from Staphylococcus aureus subsp. aureus USA300

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    A gene encoding a putative DNA helicase from Staphylococcus aureus USA300 was cloned and expressed in Escherichia coli. The protein was purified to over 90% purity by chromatography. The purified enzyme, SauUSI, predominantly cleaves modified DNA containing 5mC and 5-hydroxymethylcytosine. Cleavage of 5mC-modified plasmids indicated that the sites S5mCNGS (S = C or G) are preferentially digested. The endonuclease activity requires the presence of adenosine triphosphate (ATP) or dATP whereas the non-hydrolyzable Îł-S-ATP does not support activity. SauUSI activity was inhibited by ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid. It is most active in Mg++ buffers. No companion methylase gene was found near the SauUSI restriction gene. The absence of a cognate methylase and cleavage of modified DNA indicate that SauUSI belongs to type IV restriction endonucleases, a group that includes EcoK McrBC and Mrr. SauUSI belongs to a family of highly similar homologs found in other sequenced S. aureus, S. epidermidis and S. carnosus genomes. More distant SauUSI orthologs can be found in over 150 sequenced bacterial/archaea genomes. Finally, we demonstrated the biological function of the type IV REase in restricting 5mC-modified plasmid DNA by transformation into clinical S. aureus strain SA564, and in restricting phage λ infection when the endonuclease is expressed in E. col

    Small RNA teg49 Is Derived from a sarA Transcript and Regulates Virulence Genes Independent of SarA in Staphylococcus aureus

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    Expression of virulence factors in Staphylococcus aureus is regulated by a wide range of transcriptional regulators, including proteins and small RNAs (sRNAs), at the level of transcription and/or translation. The sarA locus consists of three overlapping transcripts generated from three distinct promoters, all containing the sarA open reading frame (ORF). The 5= untranslated regions (UTRs) of these transcripts contain three separate regions 711, 409, and 146 nucleotides (nt) upstream of the sarA translation start, the functions of which remain unknown. Re- cent transcriptome-sequencing (RNA-Seq) analysis and subsequent characterization indicated that two sRNAs, teg49 and teg48, are processed and likely produced from the sarA P3 and sarA P1 transcripts of the sarA locus, respectively. In this report, we utilized a variety of sarA promoter mutants and cshA and rnc mutants to ascertain the contributions of these factors to the generation of teg49. We also defined the transcriptional regulon of teg49, including virulence genes not regulated by SarA. Phenotypically, teg49 did not impact biofilm formation or affect overall SarA expres- sion significantly. Comparative analyses of RNA-Seq data between the wild-type, teg49 mutant, and sarA mutant strains indicated that 133 genes are significantly upregulated while 97 are downregulated in a teg49 deletion mutant in a sarA- independent manner. An abscess model of skin infection indicated that the teg49 mutant exhibited a reduced bacterial load compared to the wild-type S. aureus. Overall, these results suggest that teg49 sRNA has a regulatory role in target gene regulation independent of SarA. The exact mechanism of this regulation is yet to be dissected

    Plasmid-mediated quinolone resistance in Aeromonas allosaccharophila recovered from a Swiss lake

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    Objectives To search for plasmid-mediated qnr genes among waterborne environmental Aeromonas spp. recovered from Switzerland. Methods Isolates presenting MICs of nalidixic acid or ciprofloxacin ≄1 mg/L were screened for qnr genes by a multiplex PCR approach followed by sequencing. Plasmids were transferred by transformation, and further analysis of the genetic structures surrounding the qnrS2 gene was carried out by PCR and sequencing. Results A qnrS2 gene was identified from a single Aeromonas allosaccharophila isolate (Lugano lake, Lugano), as part of a mobile insertion cassette located on a broad host range IncU-type plasmid. This plasmid co-harboured a class 1 integron containing the aac(6â€Č)-Ib-cr, blaOXA-1, catB3 and arr-3 gene cassettes. Conclusions These findings strengthen further the role of Aeromonas spp. as a reservoir of antimicrobial resistance determinants in the environmen

    Neurodevelopmental Correlates of Brain Magnetic Resonance Imaging Abnormalities in Extremely Low-birth-weight Infants

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    Objective: To evaluate the relationship between impaired brain growth and structural brain abnormalities at term-equivalent age (TEA) and neurodevelopment in extremely low-birth-weight (ELBW) infants over the first 2 years. Methods: ELBW infants born from 2009 through 2018 and undergoing brain magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) at TEA were enrolled in this retrospective cohort study. MRI scans were reviewed using a validated quali-quantitative score, including several white and gray matter items. Neurodevelopment was assessed at 6, 12, 18, and 24 months using the Griffiths scales. The independent associations between MRI subscores and the trajectories of general and specific neurodevelopmental functions were analyzed by generalized estimating equations. Results: One hundred-nine ELBW infants were included. White matter volume reduction and delayed myelination were associated with worse general development (b = -2.33, P = .040; b = -6.88, P = .049 respectively), social skills (b = -3.13, P = .019; b = -4.79, P = .049), and eye-hand coordination (b = -3.48, P = .009; b = -7.21, P = .045). Cystic white matter lesions were associated with poorer motor outcomes (b = -4.99, P = .027), while white matter signal abnormalities and corpus callosum thinning were associated with worse nonverbal cognitive performances (b = -6.42, P = .010; b = -6.72, P = .021, respectively). Deep gray matter volume reduction correlated with worse developmental trajectories. Conclusions: Distinctive MRI abnormalities correlate with specific later developmental skills. This finding may suggest that TEA brain MRI may assist with neurodevelopmental prediction, counseling of families, and development of targeted supportive interventions to improve neurodevelopment in ELBW neonates

    RsaI, a multifaceted regulatory RNA, modulates the metabolism of the opportunistic pathogen Staphylococcus aureus RsaI, un ARN régulateur aux multiples facettes, module le métabolisme du pathogÚne opportuniste Staphylococcus aureus

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    Staphylococcus aureus est une bactĂ©rie commensale retrouvĂ©e chez environ 30 % des individus sains dont elle colonise la peau et la muqueuse nasale. Cependant, c’est Ă©galement une bactĂ©rie pathogĂšne opportuniste responsable d’infections diverses telles que orgelet, ostĂ©omyĂ©lite, endocardite, ou encore septicĂ©mie en envahissant un grand nombre de tissus et d’organes. Cette bactĂ©rie est capable de s’adapter Ă  des conditions hostiles et variĂ©es, telles que carence nutritive et stress osmotique, oxydant, ou thermique, ainsi qu’à la rĂ©ponse immunitaire de l’hĂŽte, car elle produit une grande diversitĂ© de facteurs de virulence. La synthĂšse de ces facteurs est finement rĂ©gulĂ©e par des protĂ©ines et des ARN rĂ©gulateurs majoritairement non codants, souvent dĂ©signĂ©s par l’abrĂ©viation sARN (dĂ©rivĂ©e de l’anglais, small RNA). Les facteurs de transcription et les systĂšmes Ă  deux composants contrĂŽlent l’expression des gĂšnes impliquĂ©s non seulement dans le mĂ©tabolisme, mais aussi dans la rĂ©ponse au stress et la virulence [1]. Par exemple, la protĂ©ine du contrĂŽle catabolique (carbon catabolite control protein A, CcpA) a un rĂŽle essentiel dans le choix de la source carbonĂ©e en rĂ©gulant le mĂ©tabolisme central de la bactĂ©rie ainsi que la virulence [2, 3]. CcpA se fixe Ă  une sĂ©quence promotrice spĂ©cifique appelĂ©e cre (catabolite-responsive element), qui est trĂšs conservĂ©e chez les bactĂ©ries Ă  Gram positif [2]. Quant aux sARN, ils interagissent principalement avec leurs ARN messagers (ARNm) cibles. L’hybridation peut conduire Ă  la stabilisation/dĂ©stabilisation de l’ARNm ou Ă  l’activation/rĂ©pression de sa traduction [4]. Nous avons montrĂ© que la transcription du sARN RsaI (RNA Staphylococcus aureus I) est rĂ©primĂ©e par CcpA en prĂ©sence de glucose [5]. L’induction de la synthĂšse de RsaI signale que la concentration en glucose diminue dans le milieu extracellulaire et que la croissance des bactĂ©ries est ralentie. En interagissant avec ses ARNm cibles ou d’autres sARN, il permet Ă  la population bactĂ©rienne de modifier son mĂ©tabolisme lorsque la source carbonĂ©e primaire est consommĂ©e

    RÎle des résidus d'antibiotiques dans l'environnement hydrique sur la sélection et la diffusion de bactéries résistantes des genres "Aeromonas", "Acinetobacter" et "Legionella"

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    Les rĂ©sidus d'antibiotiques et les bactĂ©ries rĂ©sistantes sont dĂ©versĂ©es en quantitĂ©s variĂ©es dans l'environnement, en consĂ©quence d'une utilisation massive et souvent indiscriminĂ©e de ces substances dans les domaines mĂ©dicaux, vĂ©tĂ©rinaires et en agrochimie. Les eaux de surface sont le rĂ©ceptacle majeur de ces polluants et reprĂ©sentent Ă©galement les sources d'eau directement ou indirectement utilisĂ©es pour la consommation humaine et animale. L'objectif de ce travail de thĂšse, effectuĂ© dans le cadre du Programme National de Recherche 49 "Antibiotic Resistance", a Ă©tĂ© d'Ă©valuer, Ă  l'aide d'outils empruntĂ©s Ă  la bactĂ©riologie classique et Ă  la microbiologie molĂ©culaire, le rĂŽle des rĂ©sidus d'antibiotiques prĂ©sents dans l'environnement hydrique sur l'Ă©mergence et / ou la persistance de bactĂ©ries rĂ©sistantes. La recherche a Ă©tĂ© concentrĂ©e sur trois genres bactĂ©riens pathogĂšnes pour l'homme et l'animal, Ă  savoir les Aeromonas, les Acinetobacter et les Legionella et trois familles d'antibiotiques, les bĂȘta-lactames, les quinolones / fluoroquinolones et les macrolides, abondamment utilisĂ©es en mĂ©decine humaine. L'analyse phĂ©notypique de la rĂ©sistance dans les divers milieux hydriques a mis en Ă©vidence la prĂ©sence de souches rĂ©sistantes dans les eaux les plus contaminĂ©es. Des Aeromonas rĂ©sistants aux quatre gĂ©nĂ©rations de cĂ©phalosporines ont pu ĂȘtre isolĂ©s des eaux usĂ©es des hĂŽpitaux et des stations d'Ă©puration, tandis que les souches d'origine clinique se sont avĂ©rĂ©es beaucoup plus sensibles. Au contraire, les Acinetobacter de l'environnement hydrique sont apparus moins rĂ©sistants que ceux d'origine humaine. Pour les Legionella, les valeurs des CMI diffĂ©raient en fonction du type gĂ©nĂ©tique de la souche (Sequence-based Type) et non de l'origine. Une corrĂ©lation statistique significative entre concentrations de ciprofloxacine et souches rĂ©sistantes isolĂ©es a pu ĂȘtre mise en Ă©vidence dans les eaux usĂ©es des hĂŽpitaux. L'effet Ă©ventuel de faibles concentrations hydriques de ceftriaxone, de ciprofloxacine et d'Ă©rythromycine sur la sĂ©lection et l'induction d'Aeromonas, d'Acinetobacter et de Legionella rĂ©sistants a Ă©tĂ© Ă©tudiĂ© in vitro et in situ, ce dernier, par l'utilisation d'un bio rĂ©acteur reproduisant la phase biologique d'Ă©puration des eaux (boues activĂ©es). Dans certains cas, ces faibles concentrations d'inducteurs ont pu modifier, in vitro, le profil de rĂ©sistance de souches d'Aeromonas et d'Acinetobacter. Dans d'autres cas, des concentrations supĂ©rieures d'antibiotiques ont Ă©tĂ© nĂ©cessaires pour induire une rĂ©sistance. Les nouveaux profils induits restent stables dans le temps. Par la technique d'Ă©lectrophorĂšse sur gel en gradient de dĂ©naturation (DGGE) et par l'utilisation de sondes molĂ©culaires fluorescente (FISH), les effets qualitatifs et quantitatifs des rĂ©sidus d'antibiotiques ajoutĂ©s dans le bio rĂ©acteur sur les trois populations considĂ©rĂ©es et sur la communautĂ© microbienne totale prĂ©sentes dans les boues activĂ©es ont pu ĂȘtre Ă©valuĂ©s. Enfin, l'Ă©tude de la diffusion des intĂ©grons de classe 1 chez les souches d'Aeromonas et d'Acinetobacter provenant des divers environnements hydriques a Ă©tĂ© effectuĂ©e et mise en relation avec leur lieux d'isolement. Certains gĂšnes de rĂ©sistance ont pu ĂȘtre dĂ©terminĂ©s par sĂ©quençage

    Public Procurement and Labour Rights:Towards Coherence in International Instruments of Procurement Regulation

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    This book investigates patterns of fragmentation and coherence in the international regulatory architecture of public procurement. In the context of the major international instruments of procurement regulation, the book studies the achievement of social and labour policies, the most controversial and problematic instrumental uses of public procurement practices. This work offers an innovative comparative approach, discussing the ways in which the different international instruments-namely the EU Procurement Directives, the WTO Agreement on Government Procurement, the UNCITRAL Model Law and the World Bank's Procurement Framework-are able to implement labour and social purposes and, at the same time, ensure a regulatory balance with the principles of efficiency and non-discrimination. Scholarly, rigorous and timely, this will be important reading for international trade lawyers and procurement practitioners
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