A mean square chain rule and its application in solving the random Chebyshev differential equation

[EN] In this paper a new version of the chain rule for calculat- ing the mean square derivative of a second-order stochastic process is proven. This random operational calculus rule is applied to construct a rigorous mean square solution of the random Chebyshev differential equation (r.C.d.e.) assuming mild moment hypotheses on the random variables that appear as coefficients and initial conditions of the cor- responding initial value problem. Such solution is represented through a mean square random power series. Moreover, reliable approximations for the mean and standard deviation functions to the solution stochastic process of the r.C.d.e. are given. Several examples, that illustrate the theoretical results, are included.This work was completed with the support of our TEX-pert.Cortés, J.; Villafuerte, L.; Burgos-Simon, C. (2017). A mean square chain rule and its application in solving the random Chebyshev differential equation. Mediterranean Journal of Mathematics. 14(1):14-35. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00009-017-0853-6S1435141Calbo, G., Cortés, J.C., Jódar, L., Villafuerte, L.: Analytic stochastic process solutions of second-order random differential equations. Appl. Math. Lett. 23(12), 1421–1424 (2010). doi: 10.1016/j.aml.2010.07.011El-Tawil, M.A., El-Sohaly, M.: Mean square numerical methods for initial value random differential equations. Open J. Discret. Math. 1(1), 164–171 (2011). doi: 10.4236/ojdm.2011.12009Khodabin, M., Maleknejad, K., Rostami, K., Nouri, M.: Numerical solution of stochastic differential equations by second order Runge Kutta methods. Math. Comp. Model. 59(9–10), 1910–1920 (2010). doi: 10.1016/j.mcm.2011.01.018Santos, L.T., Dorini, F.A., Cunha, M.C.C.: The probability density function to the random linear transport equation. Appl. Math. Comput. 216(5), 1524–1530 (2010). doi: 10.1016/j.amc.2010.03.001González Parra, G., Chen-Charpentier, B.M., Arenas, A.J.: Polynomial Chaos for random fractional order differential equations. Appl. Math. Comput. 226(1), 123–130 (2014). doi: 10.1016/j.amc.2013.10.51El-Beltagy, M.A., El-Tawil, M.A.: Toward a solution of a class of non-linear stochastic perturbed PDEs using automated WHEP algorithm. Appl. Math. Model. 37(12–13), 7174–7192 (2013). doi: 10.1016/j.apm.2013.01.038Nouri, K., Ranjbar, H.: Mean square convergence of the numerical solution of random differential equations. Mediterran. J. Math. 12(3), 1123–1140 (2015). doi: 10.1007/s00009-014-0452-8Villafuerte, L., Braumann, C.A., Cortés, J.C., Jódar, L.: Random differential operational calculus: theory and applications. Comp. Math. Appl. 59(1), 115–125 (2010). doi: 10.1016/j.camwa.2009.08.061Øksendal, B.: Stochastic differential equations: an introduction with applications, 6th edn. Springer, Berlin (2007)Soong, T.T.: Random differential equations in science and engineering. Academic Press, New York (1973)Wong, B., Hajek, B.: Stochastic processes in engineering systems. Springer Verlag, New York (1985)Arnold, L.: Stochastic differential equations. Theory and applications. John Wiley, New York (1974)Cortés, J.C., Jódar, L., Camacho, J., Villafuerte, L.: Random Airy type differential equations: mean square exact and numerical solutions. Comput. Math. Appl. 60(5), 1237–1244 (2010). doi: 10.1016/j.camwa.2010.05.046Calbo, G., Cortés, J.C., Jódar, L.: Random Hermite differential equations: mean square power series solutions and statistical properties. Appl. Math. Comp. 218(7), 3654–3666 (2011). doi: 10.1016/j.amc.2011.09.008Calbo, G., Cortés, J.C., Jódar, L., Villafuerte, L.: Solving the random Legendre differential equation: Mean square power series solution and its statistical functions. Comp. Math. Appl. 61(9), 2782–2792 (2010). doi: 10.1016/j.camwa.2011.03.045Cortés, J.C., Jódar, L., Company, R., Villafuerte, L.: Laguerre random polynomials: definition, differential and statistical properties. Utilit. Math. 98, 283–293 (2015)Cortés, J.C., Jódar, L., Villafuerte, L.: Mean square solution of Bessel differential equation with uncertainties. J. Comp. Appl. Math. 309, 383–395 (2017). doi: 10.1016/j.cam.2016.01.034Golmankhaneh, A.K., Porghoveh, N.A., Baleanu, D.: Mean square solutions of second-order random differential equations by using homotopy analysis method. Romanian Reports Physics 65(2), 1237–1244 (2013)Khalaf, S.L.: Mean square solutions of second-order random differential equations by using homotopy perturbation method. Int. Math. Forum 6(48), 2361–2370 (2011)Khudair, A.R., Ameen, A.A., Khalaf, S.L.: Mean square solutions of second-order random differential equations by using Adomian decomposition method. Appl. Math. Sci. 5(49), 2521–2535 (2011)Agarwal, R.P., O’Regan, D.: Ordinary and partial differential equations. Springer, New York (2009

The fourth wave of Portuguese emigration: Austerity policies, European peripheries and postcolonial continuities

Little is known about emigration in European countries. Migratory pressure and the recent refugee crisis have helped keep academic attention over the last few decades focused on immigration, asylum and integration in Europe. However, these dynamics promoting entries into European countries coexist with other fair-ly significant dynamics promoting departures from these countries. The sovereign debt crisis coupled with austerity policies that asymmetrically affected Europe’s peripheral countries have increased emigration in various European countries. Our book aims to counter the invisibility of emigration from European countries in the literature by examining the particularities of the Portuguese case. In methodological terms, the book compiles the work of authors from different academic backgrounds who have conducted empirical research using a wide vari-ety of extensive and intensive methods. It is argued that when analysing recent Portuguese emigration it is important to examine in further detail: i) the impact of the 2008 economic and financial crisis and the austerity policies that followed in its wake; ii) south-north emigration in Europe; iii) north-south emigration outside Europe and post-colonial continuities; iv) the importance of reassessing the exist-ing model of Southern European migration; v) highly skilled and less skilled mi-gration; and finally, vi) emigrants’ and their descendants’ identities.info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersio

A combined estimator using TEC and b-value for large earthquake prediction

[EN] Ionospheric anomalies have been shown to occur a few days before several large earthquakes. The published works normally address examples limited in time (a single event or few of them) or space (a particular geographic area), so that a clear method based on these anomalies which consistently yields the place and magnitude of the forthcoming earthquake, anytime and anywhere on earth, has not been presented so far. The current research is aimed at prediction of large earthquakes, that is with magnitude M-w 7 or higher. It uses as data bank all significant earthquakes occurred worldwide in the period from January 1, 2011 to December 31, 2018. The first purpose of the research is to improve the use of ionospheric anomalies in the form of TEC grids for earthquake prediction. A space-time TEC variation estimator especially designed for earthquake prediction will show the advantages with respect to the use of simple TEC values. Further, taking advantage of the well-known predictive abilities of the Gutenberg-Richter law's b-value, a combined estimator based on both TEC anomalies and b-values will be designed and shown to improve prediction performance even more.Baselga Moreno, S. (2020). A combined estimator using TEC and b-value for large earthquake prediction. Acta Geodaetica et Geophysica Hungarica. 55(1):63-82. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40328-019-00281-5S6382551Abordán A, Szabó NP (2018) Metropolis algorithm driven factor analysis for lithological characterization of shallow marine sediments. Acta Geod Geophys 53:189–199. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40328-017-0210-zAkhoondzadeh M, Saradjian MR (2011) TEC variations analysis concerning Haiti (January 12, 2010) and Samoa (September 29, 2009) earthquakes. Adv Space Res 47(1):94–104. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.asr.2010.07.024Asencio-Cortés G, Morales-Esteban A, Shang X, Martínez-Álvarez F (2018) Earthquake prediction in California using regression algorithms and cloud-based big data infrastructure. Comput Geosci 115:198–210. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cageo.2017.10.011Baselga S (2018) Fibonacci lattices for the evaluation and optimization of map projections. Comput Geosci 117:1–8. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cageo.2018.04.012Baselga S (2019) TestGrids: evaluating and optimizing map projections. J Surv Eng 144(3):04019004Berényi KA, Barta V, Kis Á (2018) Midlatitude ionospheric F2-layer response to eruptive solar events-caused geomagnetic disturbances over Hungary during the maximum of the solar cycle 24: a case study. Adv Space Res 61(5):1230–1243. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.asr.2017.12.021Biswas A, Sharma SP (2017) Interpretation of self-potential anomaly over 2-D inclined thick sheet structures and analysis of uncertainty using very fast simulated annealing global optimization. Acta Geod Geophys 52:439–455. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40328-016-0176-2Borgohain JM, Borah K, Biswas R, Bora DK (2018) Seismic b-value anomalies prior to the 3rd January 2016, Mw = 6.7 Manipur earthquake of northeast India. J Asian Earth Sci 154:42–48. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jseaes.2017.12.013Buonsanto M (1999) Ionospheric storms—a review. Space Sci Rev 88:563–601. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1005107532631Buskirk RE, Frohlich CL, Latham GV (1981) Unusual animal behavior before earthquakes: a review of possible sensory mechanisms. Rev Geophys 19:247–270. https://doi.org/10.1029/RG019i002p00247Dobrovolsky IR, Zubkov SI, Myachkin VI (1979) Estimation of the size of earthquake preparation zones. Pure appl Geophys 117:1025–1044. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00876083Dogan U, Ergintav S, Skone S, Arslan N, Oz D (2011) Monitoring of the ionosphere TEC variations during the 17th August 1999 Izmit earthquake using GPS data. Earth Planets Space 63(12):1183–1192. https://doi.org/10.5047/eps.2011.07.020Florido E, Martínez-Álvarez F, Morales-Esteban A, Reyes J, Aznarte-Mellado JL (2015) Detecting precursory patterns to enhance earthquake prediction in Chile. Comput Geosci 76:112–120. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cageo.2014.12.002Florido E, Asencio-Cortés G, Aznarte JL, Rubio-Escudero C, Martínez-Álvarez F (2018) A novel tree-based algorithm to discover seismic patterns in earthquake catalogs. Comput Geosci 115:96–104. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cageo.2018.03.005Freund FT, Kulahci IG, Cyr G, Ling J, Winnick M, Tregloan-Reed J, Freund MM (2009) Air ionization at rock surfaces and pre-earthquake signals. J Atmos Sol Terr Phys 71(17–18):1824–1834. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jastp.2009.07.013Gopinath S, Prince PR (2018) Nonextensive and distance-based entropy analysis on the influence of sunspot variability in magnetospheric dynamics. Acta Geod Geophys 53:639–659. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40328-018-0235-yGrant RA, Halliday T (2010) Predicting the unpredictable; evidence of pre-seismic anticipatory behaviour in the common toad. J Zool 281:263–271. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-7998.2010.00700.xGrant RA, Halliday T, Balderer WP, Leuenberger F, Newcomer M, Cyr G, Freund FT (2011) Ground water chemistry changes before major earthquakes and possible effects on animals. Int J Environ Res Public Health 8:1936–1956. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph8061936Guo J, Yu H, Li W, Liu X, Kong Q, Zhao C (2017) Total electron content anomalies before Mw 6.0 + earthquakes in the seismic zone of southwest China between 2001 and 2013. J Test Eval 45(1):131–139. https://doi.org/10.1520/JTE20160032International GNSS Service (2019) IGS products. https://www.igs.org/products. Accessed 5 May 2019Kane RP (2005) Ionospheric foF2 anomalies during some intense geomagnetic storms. Ann Geophys 23:2487–2499. https://doi.org/10.5194/angeo-23-2487-2005Kulhanek O, Persson L, Nuannin P (2018) Variations of b-values preceding large earthquakes in the shallow subduction zones of Cocos and Nazca plates. J South Am Earth Sci 82:207–214. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jsames.2018.01.005Lin JW (2010) Ionospheric total electron content (TEC) anomalies associated with earthquakes through Karhunen–Loéve Transform (KLT). Terr Atmos Ocean Sci 21(2):253–265. https://doi.org/10.3319/TAO.2009.06.11.01(T)Lin JW (2011) Latitude-time total electron content anomalies as precursors to Japan’s large earthquakes associated with principal component analysis. Int J Geophys. https://doi.org/10.1155/2011/763527Liu JY, Chen YI, Chuo YJ, Chen CS (2006) A statistical investigation of preearthquake ionospheric anomaly. J Geophys Res 111:A05304. https://doi.org/10.1029/2005JA011333Liu JY, Chen YI, Chen CH, Liu CY, Chen CY, Nishihashi M, Li JZ, Xia YQ, Oyama KI, Hattori K, Lin CH (2009) Seismoionospheric GPS total electron content anomalies observed before the 12 May 2008 Mw7.9 Wenchuan earthquake. J Geophys Res 114:A04320. https://doi.org/10.1029/2008JA013698Nuannin P, Kulhanek O, Persson L (2005) Spatial and temporal b value anomalies preceding the devastating off coast of NW Sumatra earthquake of December 26, 2004. Geophys Res Lett 32:L11307. https://doi.org/10.1029/2005GL022679Pardalos PM, Romeijn HE (eds) (2002) Handbook of global optimization, vols. 1 & 2. Kluwer, DordretchPaul B, De BK, Guha A (2018) Latitudinal variation of F-region ionospheric response during three strongest geomagnetic storms of 2015. Acta Geod Geophys 53:579–606. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40328-018-0221-4Pulinets S, Boyarchuk K (2004) Ionospheric precursors of earthquakes. Springer, BerlinPulinets SA, Legen’ka AD, Gaivoronskaya TV, Depuev VKh (2003) Main phenomenological features of ionospheric precursors of strong earthquakes. J Atmos Sol Terr Phys 65:1337–1347. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jastp.2003.07.011Reyes J, Morales-Esteban A, Martínez-Álvarez F (2013) Neural networks to predict earthquakes in Chile. Appl Soft Comput 13:1314–1328. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.asoc.2012.10.014Şentürk E, Çepni MS (2018a) A statistical analysis of seismo ionospheric TEC anomalies before 63 Mw ≥ 5.0 earthquakes in Turkey during 2003–2016. Acta Geophys 66:1495–1507. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11600-018-0214-2Şentürk E, Çepni MS (2018b) Ionospheric temporal variations over the region of Turkey: a study based on long-time TEC observations. Acta Geod Geophys 53:623–637. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40328-018-0233-0Şentürk E, Çepni MS (2019) Performance of different weighting and surface fitting techniques on station-wise TEC calculation and modified sine weighting supported by the sun effect. J Spat Sci 64(2):209–220. https://doi.org/10.1080/14498596.2017.1417169Şentürk E, Livaoğlu H, Çepni MS (2019) A comprehensive analysis of ionospheric anomalies before the mw 7.1 Van earthquake on 23 October 2011. J Navig 72(3):702–720. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0373463318000826Shiuly A, Roy N (2018) A generalized VS–N correlation using various regression analysis and genetic algorithm. Acta Geod Geophys 53:479–502. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40328-018-0220-5U.S. Geological Survey (2019) Earthquake catalog. https://earthquake.usgs.gov/earthquakes/search/. Accessed 5 May 2019Warwick JW, Stoker C, Meyer TR (1982) Radio emission associated with rock fracture: possible application to the Great Chilean Earthquake of May 22, 1960. 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Cross-Sectional Analysis of Late HAART Initiation in Latin America and the Caribbean: Late Testers and Late Presenters

Background: Starting HAART in a very advanced stage of disease is assumed to be the most prevalent form of initiation in HIV-infected subjects in developing countries. Data from Latin America and the Caribbean is still lacking. Our main objective was to determine the frequency, risk factors and trends in time for being late HAART initiator (LHI) in this region. Methodology: Cross-sectional analysis from 9817 HIV-infected treatment-naive patients initiating HAART at 6 sites (Argentina, Chile, Haiti, Honduras, Peru and Mexico) from October 1999 to July 2010. LHI had CD4$^+$ count $\leq$200cells/mm$^3$ prior to HAART. Late testers (LT) were those LHI who initiated HAART within 6 months of HIV diagnosis. Late presenters (LP) initiated after 6 months of diagnosis. Prevalence, risk factors and trends over time were analyzed. Principal Findings: Among subjects starting HAART (n = 9817) who had baseline CD4$^+$ available (n = 8515), 76% were LHI: Argentina (56%[95%CI:52–59]), Chile (80%[95%CI:77–82]), Haiti (76%[95%CI:74–77]), Honduras (91%[95%CI:87–94]), Mexico (79%[95%CI:75–83]), Peru (86%[95%CI:84–88]). The proportion of LHI statistically changed over time (except in Honduras) ($p\leq0.02$; Honduras p = 0.7), with a tendency towards lower rates in recent years. Males had increased risk of LHI in Chile, Haiti, Peru, and in the combined site analyses (CSA). Older patients were more likely LHI in Argentina and Peru (OR 1.21 per +10-year of age, 95%CI:1.02–1.45; OR 1.20, 95%CI:1.02–1.43; respectively), but not in CSA (OR 1.07, 95%CI:0.94–1.21). Higher education was associated with decreased risk for LHI in Chile (OR 0.92 per +1-year of education, 95%CI:0.87–0.98) (similar trends in Mexico, Peru, and CSA). LHI with date of HIV-diagnosis available, 55% were LT and 45% LP. Conclusion: LHI was highly prevalent in CCASAnet sites, mostly due to LT; the main risk factors associated were being male and older age. Earlier HIV-diagnosis and earlier treatment initiation are needed to maximize benefits from HAART in the region

The evolution of acoustic size exaggeration in terrestrial mammals

Recent studies have revealed that some mammals possess adaptations that enable them to produce vocal signals with much lower fundamental frequency (F0) and formant frequency spacing (ΔF) than expected for their size. Although these adaptations are assumed to reflect selection pressures for males to lower frequency components and exaggerate body size in reproductive contexts, this hypothesis has not been tested across a broad range of species. Here we show that male terrestrial mammals produce vocal signals with lower ΔF (but not F0) than expected for their size in mating systems with greater sexual size dimorphism. We also reveal that males produce calls with higher than expected F0 and ΔF in species with increased sperm competition. This investigation confirms that sexual selection favours the use of ΔF as an acoustic size exaggerator, and supports the notion of an evolutionary trade-off between pre-copulatory signalling displays and sperm production

Natural Distribution of Parasitoids of Larvae of the Fall Armyworm, Spodoptera frugiperda, in Argentina

To develop a better understanding of the natural distribution of the fall armyworm, Spodoptera frugiperda (Smith) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae), and to update the knowledge of the incidence of its complex of parasitoids. S. frugiperda, samplings in whorl-stage corn were carried out in provinces of Argentina from 1999 to 2003. S. frugiperda larvae were collected from corn in localities of the provinces of Tucumán, Salta, Jujuy, Santiago del Estero, La Rioja, Córdoba, San Luis, Chaco and Misiones. In each locality 30 corn plants were sampled and only larvae located in those plants were collected. The parasitoids that emerged from S. frugiperda larvae were identified and counted. The abundance of the parasitoids and the parasitism rate were estimated. The S. frugiperda parasitoids collected were Campoletis grioti (Blanchard) (Hymenoptera: Ichneumonidae), Chelonus insularis (Cresson) (Hymenoptera: Braconidae), Archytas marmoratus (Townsend) (Diptera Tachinidae) and/or A. incertus (Macquart), Ophion sp. (Hymenoptera: Ichneumonidae), Euplectrus platyhypenae Howard (Hymenoptera: Eulophidae), and Incamyia chilensis (Aldrich) (Diptera Tachinidae). C. grioti was the most abundant and frequent during the five-year survey. Similar diversity of parasitoids was obtained in all the provinces, with the exception of I. chilensis and E. platyhypenae that were recovered only in the province of Salta. In the Northwestern region, in Tucumán, C. grioti and species of Archytas were the most abundant and frequent parasitoids. On the contrary, in Salta and Jujuy Ch. insularis was the parasitoid most abundant and frequently recovered. The parasitism rate obtained in Tucumán, Salta and Jujuy provinces were 21.96%, 17.87% and 6.63% respectively with an average of 18.93%. These results demonstrate that hymenopteran and dipteran parasitoids of S. frugiperda occurred differentially throughout the Argentinian provinces and played an important role on the natural control of the S. frugiperda larval population

Paracetamol in therapeutic dosages and acute liver injury: causality assessment in a prospective case series

Background: Acute liver injury (ALI) induced by paracetamol overdose is a well known cause of emergency hospital admission and death. However, there is debate regarding the risk of ALI after therapeutic dosages of the drug. The aim is to describe the characteristics of patients admitted to hospital with jaundice who had previous exposure to therapeutic doses of paracetamol. An assessment of the causality role of paracetamol was performed in each case. Methods: Based on the evaluation of prospectively gathered cases of ALI with detailed clinical information, thirty-two cases of ALI in non-alcoholic patients exposed to therapeutic doses of paracetamol were identified. Two authors assessed all drug exposures by using the CIOMS/RUCAM scale. Each case was classified into one of five categories based on the causality score for paracetamol. Results: In four cases the role of paracetamol was judged to be unrelated, in two unlikely, and these were excluded from evaluation. In seven of the remaining 26 cases, the RUCAM score associated with paracetamol was higher than that associated with other concomitant medications. The estimated incidence of ALI related to the use of paracetamol in therapeutic dosages was 0.4 per million inhabitants older than 15 years of age and per year (99%CI, 0.2-0.8) and of 10 per million paracetamol users-year (95% CI 4.3-19.4). Conclusions:Our results indicate that paracetamol in therapeutic dosages may be considered in the causality assessment in non-alcoholic patients with liver injury, even if the estimated incidence of ALI related to paracetamol appears to be low

Effect of Acinetobacter sp on Metalaxyl Degradation and Metabolite Profile of Potato Seedlings (Solanum tuberosum L.) Alpha Variety

One of the most serious diseases in potato cultivars is caused by the pathogen Phytophthora infestans, which affects leaves, stems and tubers. Metalaxyl is a fungicide that protects potato plants from Phytophthora infestans. In Mexico, farmers apply metalaxyl 35 times during the cycle of potato production and the last application is typically 15 days before harvest. There are no records related to the presence of metalaxyl in potato tubers in Mexico. In the present study, we evaluated the effect of Acinetobacter sp on metalaxyl degradation in potato seedlings. The effect of bacteria and metalaxyl on the growth of potato seedlings was also evaluated. A metabolite profile analysis was conducted to determine potential molecular biomarkers produced by potato seedlings in the presence of Acinetobacter sp and metalaxyl. Metalaxyl did not affect the growth of potato seedlings. However, Acinetobacter sp strongly affected the growth of inoculated seedlings, as confirmed by plant length and plant fresh weights which were lower in inoculated potato seedlings (40% and 27%, respectively) compared to the controls. Acinetobacter sp also affected root formation. Inoculated potato seedlings showed a decrease in root formation compared to the controls. LC-MS/MS analysis of metalaxyl residues in potato seedlings suggests that Acinetobacter sp did not degrade metalaxyl. GC–TOF–MS platform was used in metabolic profiling studies. Statistical data analysis and metabolic pathway analysis allowed suggesting the alteration of metabolic pathways by both Acinetobacter sp infection and metalaxyl treatment. Several hundred metabolites were detected, 137 metabolites were identified and 15 metabolic markers were suggested based on statistical change significance found with PLS-DA analysis. These results are important for better understanding the interactions of putative endophytic bacteria and pesticides on plants and their possible effects on plant metabolism