Efectos del ciclo menstrual en el estado físico y psicológico de una mujer activa

The main objectives of this research were to analyze the effects of the different phases of the menstrual cycle (MC) on two elements of the physical condition, strength-power and dynamic balance, and on the psychological state of a moderately active woman. A 28-year-old woman participated in this study, who used oral contraceptives. In total, 6 sessions were recorded, corresponding to 2 complete menstrual cycles and each of its phases (menstrual, follicular and luteal). In each session, three tests were carried out to evaluate the physical condition variables (Leg extension in Kineo, Press Bench in Multipower and Y Balance Test) and a test for psychological variables (POMS Test). The results obtained showed that during the luteal phase the participant achieved the lowest values ​​in the 3 physical tests of power and dynamic balance, being the follicular phase (FP) where she obtained the best performance. In the psychological test, the menstrual phase (MP) stands out for having the highest values ​​in the fatigue-inertia dimension, in contrast to the FP where higher values ​​were observed for the vigor-activation dimensión. The personal questionnaire on MC revealed the presence of menstrual and premenstrual symptoms in the two cycles studied. It is suggested that the changes produced in the physical and psychological variables of the subject are due to the presence of premenstrual symptoms, without being able to confirm the hormonal influence as blood or urine tests have not been performed.Los principales objetivos de esta investigación fueron analizar los efectos de las diferentes fases del ciclo menstrual (CM) sobre dos elementos de la condición física, la fuerza- potencia y el equilibrio dinámico, y sobre el estado psicológico de una mujer moderadamente activa. En este estudio participó una mujer de 28 años, la cual consumía anticonceptivos orales. En total se registraron 6 sesiones que correspondieron a 2 ciclos menstruales completos y a cada una de sus fases (menstrual, folicular y lútea). En cada sesión se realizaron tres pruebas para evaluar las variables de la condición física (Leg extensión en Kineo, Press Banca en Multipower e Y Balance Test) y un test para las variables psicológicas (Test de POMS). Los resultados obtenidos mostraron que durante la fase lútea (FL) la participante consiguió los valores más bajos en las 3 pruebas físicas de potencia y equilibrio dinámico, siendo la fase folicular (FF) donde mejor desempeño obtuvo. En la prueba psicológica, se destaca la fase menstrual (FM) por tener los valores más altos en la dimensión de fatiga-inercia, en contraposición con la FF donde se observaron valores más altos para la dimensión de vigor-activación. El cuestionario personal sobre el CM reveló la presencia de síntomas menstruales y premenstruales en los dos ciclos estudiados. Se sugiere que los cambios producidos en las variables físicas y psicológicas de la sujeto, se deban a la presencia de síntomas premenstruales, sin poder confirmar la influencia hormonal al no haberse realizado análisis de sangre u orina

Efectos del ejercicio físico en la dismenorrea primaria. Revisión sistemática

Primary dysmenorrhea (PD) is the most common menstrual disorder and is defined as painful menstruation. This health problem reduces the quality of life of more than 70% of women who suffer from it, so the main objectives of this review were to assess whether physical exercise was safe for these women and, knowing its effects on PD, compare the different exercises or training methods by analyzing which are the most effective. In this paper, articles from the PubMed database were reviewed, selecting those written in Spanish and English that were no more than 5 years old and choosing intervention studies to perform the analysis. In addition, the information was completed with the website of The American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists. Interventions pointed to physical exercise as a positive treatment for PD. The most significant improvements were obtained in the pain and intensity of menstruation. There were also reductions in menstrual distress, duration of pain and painkillers consumed, as well as improvements in quality of life. It is concluded that regular physical exercise is a safe and effective method to reduce the symptoms caused by PD. Long-term exercise will also have beneficial effects in the long run, further reducing these symptoms and improving the overall health of the person. In addition, it should be noted that this treatment does not generate side effects in the body. Aerobic exercise seems to be the most effective training method for dysmenorrhea symptoms, followed by some stretching exercises or yoga.La dismenorrea primaria (DP) es el trastorno menstrual más común y se define como menstruación dolorosa. Este problema de salud reduce la calidad de vida de más del 70% de las mujeres que lo padecen, por lo que los principales objetivos de esta revisión fueron evaluar si realizar ejercicio físico era seguro para estas mujeres y, conociendo sus efectos en la DP, comparar los distintos ejercicios o métodos de entrenamiento analizando cuáles son los más eficaces. En este trabajo se revisaron artículos procedentes de la base de datos PubMed, seleccionando aquellos escritos en castellano e inglés, que no tuviesen más de 5 años y escogiendo estudios de intervención para realizar el análisis. Además, se completó la información con la página web del Colegio Americano de Obstetras y Ginecólogos. Las intervenciones señalaron al ejercicio físico como un tratamiento positivo para la DP. Las mejoras más significativas se obtuvieron en el dolor e intensidad de la menstruación. También hubo reducciones en la angustia menstrual, la duración del dolor y en los analgésicos consumidos, así como mejoras en la calidad de vida. Se concluye que el ejercicio físico realizado de una forma regular es un método seguro y eficaz para reducir los síntomas producidos por la DP. La práctica prolongada en el tiempo también tendrá efectos beneficiosos a la larga, reduciendo aún más estos síntomas y mejorando la salud en general de la persona. Además, cabe destacar que este tratamiento no genera efectos secundarios en el organismo. El ejercicio aeróbico parece ser el método de entrenamiento más efectivo para los síntomas dismenorreicos, seguido de algunos ejercicios de estiramiento o el yoga

Atletismo, rugby y fútbol: valoración de la motivación y autocompasión a lo largo de la temporada

Researches based on motivation and self-compassion has shown that they are personal characteristics which influence the development of each individual. The aim of the present study is to analyse the evolution of motivation and self-compassion throughout a complete sport season, in order to assess if there are differences between its periods taking into account each sport. The research involved 48 athletes (42 men and 6 women) between the ages of 15 and 53 (average = 23.5) who played soccer (29.2%), athletics (31.3%) or rugby (39, 6%) in the Autonomous Community of Cantabria. They answered two tests: a motivational questionnaire (BRSQ) and a self-compassion scale. The results obtained showed that both variables remain unchangeable throughout the season if the analysis is carried out in a general manner. On the other hand, if sports are compared to each other, statistically significant differences were found in most of the motivation variables, which implies that this is influenced by the sport that is practiced. In the case of self-compassion, only the Mindfulness variable had significance, so it is also subject to the influence of the different characteristics of each sport.Las investigaciones basadas en la motivación y la autocompasión han demostrado que son características personales que influyen en el desarrollo de cada individuo. El objetivo de este estudio fue analizar la evolución de la motivación y de la autocompasión a lo largo de una temporada deportiva completa, con el fin de valorar si existen diferencias entre los distintos periodos de la misma teniendo en cuenta cada deporte. En la investigación participaron 48 deportistas (42 hombres y 6 mujeres) de edades comprendidas entre los 15 y 53 años (media= 23,5) que practicaban fútbol (29,2%), atletismo (31,3%) o rugby (39,6%) en un equipo de la Comunidad Autónoma de Cantabria. Respondieron a dos pruebas: un cuestionario de motivación (BRSQ) y una escala de autocompasión. Los resultados obtenidos mostraron que ambas variables se mantienen estables a lo largo de la temporada deportiva si se realiza el análisis de manera globalizada. En cambio, si se comparan los deportes entre sí, se encontraron diferencias estadísticamente significativas en la mayoría de las variables de la motivación lo que implica que esta está influenciada por el deporte que se practique. En el caso de la autocompasión, únicamente la variable Mindfulness contaba con significancia, por lo que está sujeta también a la influencia de las diferentes características de cada deporte

Hypercalcemia in patients with rheumatoid arthritis: a retrospective study

Objetivo: Investigar la prevalencia de hipercalcemia en pacientes con artritis reumatoide (AR) y analizar las características clínicas y las causas de la hipercalcemia. Material y métodos: Estudio retrospectivo de revisión basado en casos que incluyó 500 pacientes con AR. Se identificaron los pacientes con niveles de calcio aumentados en al menos dos ocasiones. Resultados: La hipercalcemia estuvo presente en 24 de los 500 pacientes con AR (4,8%). La edad osciló entre 50 y 80 años, con una media de 68±10 años. La duración media de la enfermedad fue de 10±7 años. De los pacientes con hipercalcemia, 22 eran mujeres postmenopáusicas (92%) y solo dos eran hombres (8%). El hiperparatiroidismo se encontró en 9 pacientes de la serie; solo un paciente tenía una hipercalcemia maligna debido a un mieloma múltiple, y un caso fue consecuencia de una intoxicación por vitamina D. En un paciente la hipercalcemia parecía relacionada con el síndrome calcio-alcalino. En el resto de pacientes, la hipercalcemia fue idiopática (8/24) o el estudio fue incompleto (4/24). No se encontró una relación evidente entre la actividad de la enfermedad y la aparición de hipercalcemia. Conclusión: Al igual que sucede en la población general, el hiperparatiroidismo primario es la causa más común de hipercalcemia en pacientes con AR. En algunos pacientes no se identificaron otros trastornos causantes de hipercalcemia, lo que plantea la posibilidad de una relación causal entre la AR y la hipercalcemia.Objetive: To investigate the prevalence of hypercalcemia in patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA) and analyze the clinical features and causes of hypercalcemia. Material and methods: Retrospective case?based review study that included 500 patients with RA. Patients with increased calcium levels on at least two occasions were identified. Results: Hypercalcemia was present in 24 of the 500 RA patients (4.8%). The age ranged between 50 and 80 years, with a mean of 68±10 years. The mean duration of the disease was 10±7 years. Of the patients with hypercalcemia, 22 were postmenopausal women (92%) and only two were men (8%). Hyperparathyroidism was found in 9 patients in the series; only one patient had malignant hypercalcemia due to multiple myeloma, and one case was a consequence of vitamin D intoxication. In one patient, hypercalcemia appeared to be related to calcium?alkali syndrome. In the remaining patients, hypercalcemia was idiopathic (8/24) or the study was incomplete (4/24). No obvious relationship was found between disease activity and the appearance of hypercalcemia. Conclusion: As in the general population, primary hyperparathyroidism is the most common cause of hypercalcemia in patients with RA. In some patients, no other disorders causing hypercalcemia were identified, raising the possibility of a causal relationship between RA and hypercalcemia

Pre- and post-natal melatonin administration partially regulates brain oxidative stress but does not improve cognitive or histological alterations in the Ts65Dn mouse model of Down syndrome

Melatonin administered during adulthood induces beneficial effects on cognition and neuroprotection in the Ts65Dn (TS) mouse model of Down syndrome. Here, we investigated the effects of pre- and post-natal melatonin treatment on behavioral and cognitive abnormalities and on several neuromorphological alterations (hypocellularity, neurogenesis impairment and increased oxidative stress) that appear during the early developmental stages in TS mice. Pregnant TS females were orally treated with melatonin or vehicle from the time of conception until the weaning of the offspring, and the pups continued to receive the treatment from weaning until the age of 5 months. Melatonin administered during the pre- and post-natal periods did not improve the cognitive impairment of TS mice as measured by the Morris Water maze or fear conditioning tests. Histological alterations, such as decreased proliferation (Ki67+ cells) and hippocampal hypocellularity (DAPI+ cells), which are typical in TS mice, were not prevented by melatonin. However, melatonin partially regulated brain oxidative stress by modulating the activity of the primary antioxidant enzymes (superoxide dismutase in the cortex and catalase in the cortex and hippocampus) and slightly decreasing the levels of lipid peroxidation in the hippocampus of TS mice. These results show the inability of melatonin to prevent cognitive impairment in TS mice when it is administered at pre- and post-natal stages. Additionally, our findings suggest that to induce pro-cognitive effects in TS mice during the early stages of development, in addition to attenuating oxidative stress, therapies should aim to improve other altered processes, such as hippocampal neurogenesis and/or hypocellularity.This work was supported by the Jérôme Lejeune Foundation, the Spanish Ministry of Economy and Competitiveness (PSI2016-76194-R) and by a grant from CNPq/Brazil (proc. 2606/14-13)

Decreasing the Expression of GABAA[alfa]5 Subunit-Containing Receptors Partially Improves Cognitive, Electrophysiological, and Morphological Hippocampal Defects in the Ts65Dn Model of Down Syndrome

Trisomy 21 or Down syndrome (DS) is the most common cause of intellectual disability of a genetic origin. The Ts65Dn (TS) mouse, which is the most commonly used and best-characterized mouse model of DS, displays many of the cognitive, neuromorphological, and biochemical anomalies that are found in the human condition. One of the mechanisms that have been proposed to be responsible for the cognitive deficits in this mouse model is impaired GABAmediated inhibition. Because of the well-known modulatory role of GABAA ?5 subunit-containing receptors in cognitive processes, these receptors are considered to be potential targets for improving the intellectual disability in DS. The chronic administration of GABAA ?5-negative allosteric modulators has been shown to be procognitive without anxiogenic or proconvulsant side effects. In the present study, we use a genetic approach to evaluate the contribution of GABAA ?5 subunit-containing receptors to the cognitive, electrophysiological, and neuromorphological deficits in TS mice.We show that reducing the expression of GABAA ?5 receptors by deleting one or two copies of the Gabra5 gene in TS mice partially ameliorated the cognitive impairments, improved longterm potentiation, enhanced neural differentiation and maturation, and normalized the density of the GABAergic synapse markers. Reducing the gene dosage of Gabra5 in TS mice did not induce motor alterations and anxiety or affect the viability of the mice. Our results provide further evidence of the role of GABAA ?5 receptor-mediated inhibition in cognitive impairment in the TS mouse model of DS.This work was supported by the Jérôme Lejeune Foundation, Fundación Tatiana Pérez de Guzmán el Bueno and the Spanish Ministry of Economy and Competitiveness (PSI2016-76194-R/ AEI/FEDER/UE

Clonal chromosomal mosaicism and loss of chromosome Y in elderly men increase vulnerability for SARS-CoV-2

The pandemic caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2, COVID-19) had an estimated overall case fatality ratio of 1.38% (pre-vaccination), being 53% higher in males and increasing exponentially with age. Among 9578 individuals diagnosed with COVID-19 in the SCOURGE study, we found 133 cases (1.42%) with detectable clonal mosaicism for chromosome alterations (mCA) and 226 males (5.08%) with acquired loss of chromosome Y (LOY). Individuals with clonal mosaic events (mCA and/or LOY) showed a 54% increase in the risk of COVID-19 lethality. LOY is associated with transcriptomic biomarkers of immune dysfunction, pro-coagulation activity and cardiovascular risk. Interferon-induced genes involved in the initial immune response to SARS-CoV-2 are also down-regulated in LOY. Thus, mCA and LOY underlie at least part of the sex-biased severity and mortality of COVID-19 in aging patients. Given its potential therapeutic and prognostic relevance, evaluation of clonal mosaicism should be implemented as biomarker of COVID-19 severity in elderly people. Among 9578 individuals diagnosed with COVID-19 in the SCOURGE study, individuals with clonal mosaic events (clonal mosaicism for chromosome alterations and/or loss of chromosome Y) showed an increased risk of COVID-19 lethality

Estudio de los efectos protectores del tratamiento crónico con melatonina sobre los déficits cognitivos del ratón Ts65Dn : un modelo de síndrome de Down

RESUMEN: El ratón Ts65Dn (TS), el modelo más utilizado de síndrome de Down (SD), presenta numerosas características fenotípicas similares a las de la condición humana incluyendo alteraciones neuromorfológicas, neuroquímicas y trastornos cognitivos. Se ha propuesto que los déficits de aprendizaje y memoria encontrados tanto en el ratón TS como en el SD podrían ser debidos a la disminución en el número de neuronas de diferentes áreas cerebrales, incluyendo el hipocampo. La presente tesis doctoral tiene como principal objetivo estudiar en qué medida el tratamiento con el antioxidante melatonina puede ser una estrategia terapéutica eficaz para paliar algunas de las alteraciones fenotípicas implicadas en la discapacidad intelectual propia del SD. Para ello, en este trabajo se analizaron los efectos de la administración crónica de melatonina durante las etapas pre- y post-natales y durante la etapa adulta sobre diversas alteraciones neuromorfológicas, electrofisiológicas y neurodegenerativas que juegan un papel importante en la aparición y posterior progresión del déficit cognitivo. En este estudio, el tratamiento crónico con melatonina durante la etapa adulta mejoró el aprendizaje espacial y protegió a los ratones TS y CO frente a la degeneración colinérgica sin provocar efectos adversos en los animales. A su vez, la administración de melatonina a ratones TS adultos aumentó de forma significativa la densidad de la población de células proliferativas, de neuroblastos en diferenciación y de células granulares maduras y disminuyó los niveles de peroxidación lipídica. Además, redujo la inhibición sináptica en el hipocampo de los ratones TS y recuperó totalmente la potenciación a largo plazo en estos animales. Por tanto, la normalización de la función y/o morfología del hipocampo es, probablemente, la causa de las mejorías cognitivas observadas en los ratones TS tratados con melatonina durante la etapa adulta. Sin embargo, cuando esta indolamina fue administrada durante las etapas pre- y post-natales, no mejoró la cognición de los animales TS. Nuestros resultados aportan evidencias que apoyan el uso de la melatonina en ensayos clínicos con adultos, como terapia preventiva para frenar la progresión del déficit cognitivo que tiene lugar durante el envejecimiento en el SD. Además, la melatonina es normalmente bien tolerada en adultos y no se han observado efectos secundarios importantes tras su administración, por ello su uso ha sido aprobado en humanos.ABSTRACT: The Ts65Dn (TS) mouse, the most widely used model of Down syndrome (DS), shares many phenotypic characteristics with people with DS, including neuromorphological, neurochemical, and cognitive disturbances. It has been proposed that the cognitive deficits found in TS mice and in people with DS may be caused by a reduction in the number of neurons in several brain areas, including the hippocampus. The purpose of the current doctoral thesis was to study in what degree a treatment with the antioxidant melatonin could be an effective therapeutic strategy to alleviate some of the phenotypic alterations involved in the cognitive deficit characteristic of DS. For that, this research studied the effects of the chronic administration of melatonin during prenatal and postnatal phases and adulthood on different neuromorphological, electrophysiological and neurodegenerative disorders that play an important role in the appearance and further development of the cognitive deficit. Results showed that the chronic treatment with melatonin during adulthood improved spatial learning and protected TS and CO mice against cholinergic degeneration, without causing any adverse effect on these animals. At the same time, the administration of melatonin to adult TS mice significantly increased the population of proliferative cells, neuroblast differentiation and mature granular cells, and it decreased the lipid peroxidation levels. Also, it reduced the synaptic inhibition in the hippocampus of TS mice and completely recovered their long-term potentiation. Therefore, the normalization of the hippocampus function and/or shape was probably caused by the cognitive improvement observed in the TS mice treated with melatonin during adulthood. However, when indolamine was administered during prenatal and postnatal phases, the cognition of TS animals did not improve. Our results show evidence that supports the use of melatonin in clinical studies with adults as preventive therapy to slow the progression of the cognitive deficit that occurs during SD ageing. Moreover, melatonin is usually well tolerated by adults and no important side-effects have been observed after its administration, thus, it has been approved for use in humans

Accuracy of plasma Abeta40, Abeta42, and p-tau181 to detect CSF Alzheimer's pathological changes in cognitively unimpaired subjects using the Lumipulse automated platform

Background The arrival of new disease-modifying treatments for Alzheimer’s disease (AD) requires the identifca tion of subjects at risk in a simple, inexpensive, and non-invasive way. With tools allowing an adequate screening, it would be possible to optimize the use of these treatments. Plasma markers of AD are very promising, but it is neces sary to prove that alterations in their levels are related to alterations in gold standard markers such as cerebrospinal fuid or PET imaging. With this research, we want to evaluate the performance of plasma Aβ40, Aβ42, and p-tau181 to detect the pathological changes in CSF using the automated Lumipulse platform. Methods Both plasma and CSF Aβ40, Aβ42, and p-tau181 have been evaluated in a group of 208 cognitively unim paired subjects with a 30.3% of ApoE4 carriers. We have correlated plasma and CSF values of each biomarker. Then, we have also assessed the diferences in plasma marker values according to amyloid status (A−/+), AD status (consider ing AD+subjects to those A+plus Tau+), and ATN group defned by CSF. Finally, ROC curves have been performed, and the area under the curve has been measured using amyloid status and AD status as an outcome and diferent combinations of plasma markers as predictors. Results Aβ42, amyloid ratio, p-tau181, and p-tau181/Aβ42 ratio correlated signifcantly between plasma and CSF. For these markers, the levels were signifcantly diferent in the A+/−, AD+/−, and ATN groups. Amyloid ratio pre dicts amyloid and AD pathology in CSF with an AUC of 0.89. Conclusions Plasma biomarkers of AD using the automated Lumipulse platform show good diagnostic performance in detecting Alzheimer’s pathology in cognitively unimpaired subjects

Reducing GABAA 5 Receptor-Mediated Inhibition Rescues Functional and Neuromorphological Deficits in a Mouse Model of Down Syndrome

Down syndrome (DS) is associated with neurological complications, including cognitive deficits that lead to impairment in intellectual functioning. Increased GABA-mediated inhibition has been proposed as a mechanism underlying deficient cognition in the Ts65Dn (TS) mouse model of DS. We show that chronic treatment of these mice with RO4938581 (3-bromo-10-(difluoromethyl)-9H-benzo[f]imidazo[1,5-a][1,2,4]triazolo[1,5-d][1,4]diazepine), a selective GABAA alfa5 negative allosteric modulator (NAM), rescued their deficits in spatial learning and memory, hippocampal synaptic plasticity, and adult neurogenesis. We also show that RO4938581 normalized the high density of GABAergic synapse markers in the molecular layer of the hippocampus of TS mice. In addition, RO4938581 treatment suppressed the hyperactivity observed in TS mice without inducing anxiety or altering their motor abilities. These data demonstrate that reducing GABAergic inhibition with RO4938581 can reverse functional and neuromorphological deficits of TS mice by facilitating brain plasticity and support the potential therapeutic use of selective GABAA alfa5 NAMs to treat cognitive dysfunction in DS.This work was supported by F. Hoffmann-La Roche, the Jerome Lejeune Foundation, and Spanish Ministry of Education and Science Grants BFU2008-04397 and BFU2011-24755. We thank E. García Iglesias, M. Cárcamo, and R. Madureira for their technical assistance, Drs. T. Ballard and G. Trube for helpful discussions, and S. Ortega, S. Gradari, and P. Pérez-Domper for advice on experiments