Emptying Operation of Water Supply Networks

[EN] Recently, emptying processes have been studied in experimental facilities in pipelines, but there is a lack regarding applications in actual pipelines, which permits establishing the risk of collapse because of sub-atmospheric pressure occurrence. This research presents a mathematical model to simulate the emptying process of water supply networks, and the application to a water emptying pipeline with nominal diameter of 1000 mm and 578 m long which is located on the southern of Cartagena, Bolívar Deparment, Colombia. In the application, both pipes and the air valve data manufacturer were considered. The behavior of all hydraulic and thermodynamic variables is considered. Results show that is crucial to know sub-atmospheric pressure values to prevent the collapse of the pipeline. The application of the mathematical model confirms that the hydraulic system is well designed depending on air valve sizes and maneuvering of drain valve.The authors acknowledge the financial support for Oscar E. Coronado-Hernandez covered by Fundacion Centro de Estudios Interdisciplinarios Basicos y Aplicados (CEIBA)-Gobernacion de Bolivar (Colombia).Coronado-Hernández, OE.; Fuertes-Miquel, VS.; Angulo-Hernandez, FN. (2018). Emptying Operation of Water Supply Networks. Water. 10(1):1-11. https://doi.org/10.3390/w1001002211110

Computational fluid dynamics for sub-atmospheric pressure analysis in pipe drainage

[EN] The occurrence of sub-atmospheric pressure in the drainage of pipelines containing an air pocket has been known as a major cause of several serious problems. Accordingly, some system malfunction and pipe buckling events have been reported in the literature. This case has been studied experimentally and numerically in the current research considering objectives for a better understanding of: (i) the emptying process, (ii) the main parameters influencing the drainage, and (iii) the air-water interface deformation. Also, this research demonstrates the ability of a computational fluid dynamic (CFD) model in the simulation of this event. The effects of the air pocket size, the percentage and the time of valve opening on the pressure variation have been studied. Results show the pipeline drainage mostly occurs due to backflow air intrusion. The worst case scenario is associated with a fast valve opening when a tiny air pocket exists in the pipeline.This work is supported by Fundacao para a Ciencia e Tecnologia (FCT), Portugal [grant number PD/BD/114459/2016].Besharat, M.; Coronado-Hernández, OE.; Fuertes-Miquel, VS.; Viseu, MT.; Ramos, HM. (2019). Computational fluid dynamics for sub-atmospheric pressure analysis in pipe drainage. Journal of Hydraulic Research. 58(4):553-565. https://doi.org/10.1080/00221686.2019.1625819S553565584ANSYS FLUENT R19.0 academic [Computer software]. ANSYS, Canonsburg, PA. Retrieved from https://www.ansys.com/academic/free-student-productsApollonio, C., Balacco, G., Fontana, N., Giugni, M., Marini, G., & Piccinni, A. (2016). Hydraulic Transients Caused by Air Expulsion During Rapid Filling of Undulating Pipelines. Water, 8(1), 25. doi:10.3390/w8010025Benjamin, T. B. (1968). Gravity currents and related phenomena. Journal of Fluid Mechanics, 31(2), 209-248. doi:10.1017/s0022112068000133Besharat, M., Coronado-Hernández, O. E., Fuertes-Miquel, V. S., Viseu, M. T., & Ramos, H. M. (2018). Backflow air and pressure analysis in emptying a pipeline containing an entrapped air pocket. Urban Water Journal, 15(8), 769-779. doi:10.1080/1573062x.2018.1540711Besharat, M., Tarinejad, R., Aalami, M. T., & Ramos, H. M. (2016). Study of a Compressed Air Vessel for Controlling the Pressure Surge in Water Networks: CFD and Experimental Analysis. Water Resources Management, 30(8), 2687-2702. doi:10.1007/s11269-016-1310-1Besharat, M., Tarinejad, R., & Ramos, H. M. (2015). The effect of water hammer on a confined air pocket towards flow energy storage system. Journal of Water Supply: Research and Technology-Aqua, 65(2), 116-126. doi:10.2166/aqua.2015.081Besharat, M., Teresa Viseu, M., & Ramos, H. (2017). Experimental Study of Air Vessel Behavior for Energy Storage or System Protection in Water Hammer Events. Water, 9(1), 63. doi:10.3390/w9010063Collins, R. P., Boxall, J. B., Karney, B. W., Brunone, B., & Meniconi, S. (2012). How severe can transients be after a sudden depressurization? Journal - American Water Works Association, 104(4), E243-E251. doi:10.5942/jawwa.2012.104.0055Coronado-Hernández, O., Fuertes-Miquel, V., Besharat, M., & Ramos, H. (2017). Experimental and Numerical Analysis of a Water Emptying Pipeline Using Different Air Valves. Water, 9(2), 98. doi:10.3390/w9020098Coronado-Hernández, O. E., Fuertes-Miquel, V. S., Besharat, M., & Ramos, H. M. (2018). Subatmospheric pressure in a water draining pipeline with an air pocket. Urban Water Journal, 15(4), 346-352. doi:10.1080/1573062x.2018.1475578Coronado-Hernández, O. E., Fuertes-Miquel, V. S., Iglesias-Rey, P. L., & Martínez-Solano, F. J. (2018). Rigid Water Column Model for Simulating the Emptying Process in a Pipeline Using Pressurized Air. Journal of Hydraulic Engineering, 144(4), 06018004. doi:10.1061/(asce)hy.1943-7900.0001446Ding, H., Visser, F. C., Jiang, Y., & Furmanczyk, M. (2011). Demonstration and Validation of a 3D CFD Simulation Tool Predicting Pump Performance and Cavitation for Industrial Applications. Journal of Fluids Engineering, 133(1). doi:10.1115/1.4003196Fuertes-Miquel, V. S., Coronado-Hernández, O. E., Iglesias-Rey, P. L., & Mora-Meliá, D. (2018). Transient phenomena during the emptying process of a single pipe with water–air interaction. Journal of Hydraulic Research, 57(3), 318-326. doi:10.1080/00221686.2018.1492465Izquierdo, J., Fuertes, V. S., Cabrera, E., Iglesias, P. L., & Garcia-Serra, J. (1999). Pipeline start-up with entrapped air. Journal of Hydraulic Research, 37(5), 579-590. doi:10.1080/00221689909498518Laanearu, J., Annus, I., Koppel, T., Bergant, A., Vučković, S., Hou, Q., … van’t Westende, J. M. C. (2012). Emptying of Large-Scale Pipeline by Pressurized Air. Journal of Hydraulic Engineering, 138(12), 1090-1100. doi:10.1061/(asce)hy.1943-7900.0000631Liu, D., & Zhou, L. (2009). Numerical Simulation of Transient Flow in Pressurized Water Pipeline with Trapped Air Mass. 2009 Asia-Pacific Power and Energy Engineering Conference. doi:10.1109/appeec.2009.4918544Martinoia, T., Barreto, C. V., da Rocha, J. C. D. C., Lavoura, J., & Henriques, F. M. P. (2012). Simulation and Planning of Pipeline Emptying Operations. Volume 1: Upstream Pipelines; Project Management; Design and Construction; Environment; Facilities Integrity Management; Operations and Maintenance; Pipeline Automation and Measurement. doi:10.1115/ipc2012-90432Martins, N. M. C., Delgado, J. N., Ramos, H. M., & Covas, D. I. C. (2017). Maximum transient pressures in a rapidly filling pipeline with entrapped air using a CFD model. Journal of Hydraulic Research, 55(4), 506-519. doi:10.1080/00221686.2016.1275046Tijsseling, A. S., Hou, Q., Bozkuş, Z., & Laanearu, J. (2015). Improved One-Dimensional Models for Rapid Emptying and Filling of Pipelines. Journal of Pressure Vessel Technology, 138(3). doi:10.1115/1.4031508Trindade, B. C., & Vasconcelos, J. G. (2013). Modeling of Water Pipeline Filling Events Accounting for Air Phase Interactions. Journal of Hydraulic Engineering, 139(9), 921-934. doi:10.1061/(asce)hy.1943-7900.0000757Vasconcelos, J. G., & Wright, S. J. (2008). Rapid Flow Startup in Filled Horizontal Pipelines. Journal of Hydraulic Engineering, 134(7), 984-992. doi:10.1061/(asce)0733-9429(2008)134:7(984)Wang, L., Wang, F., Karney, B., & Malekpour, A. (2017). Numerical investigation of rapid filling in bypass pipelines. Journal of Hydraulic Research, 55(5), 647-656. doi:10.1080/00221686.2017.1300193Zhou, L., & Liu, D. (2013). Experimental investigation of entrapped air pocket in a partially full water pipe. Journal of Hydraulic Research, 51(4), 469-474. doi:10.1080/00221686.2013.785985Zhou, L., Liu, D., Karney, B., & Wang, P. (2013). Phenomenon of White Mist in Pipelines Rapidly Filling with Water with Entrapped Air Pockets. Journal of Hydraulic Engineering, 139(10), 1041-1051. doi:10.1061/(asce)hy.1943-7900.0000765Zhou, L., Liu, D., & Karney, B. (2013). Investigation of Hydraulic Transients of Two Entrapped Air Pockets in a Water Pipeline. Journal of Hydraulic Engineering, 139(9), 949-959. doi:10.1061/(asce)hy.1943-7900.0000750Zhou, L., Liu, D., Karney, B., & Zhang, Q. (2011). Influence of Entrapped Air Pockets on Hydraulic Transients in Water Pipelines. Journal of Hydraulic Engineering, 137(12), 1686-1692. doi:10.1061/(asce)hy.1943-7900.0000460Zhou, L., Liu, D., & Ou, C. (2011). Simulation of Flow Transients in a Water Filling Pipe Containing Entrapped Air Pocket with VOF Model. Engineering Applications of Computational Fluid Mechanics, 5(1), 127-140. doi:10.1080/19942060.2011.11015357Zukoski, E. E. (1966). Influence of viscosity, surface tension, and inclination angle on motion of long bubbles in closed tubes. Journal of Fluid Mechanics, 25(4), 821-837. doi:10.1017/s002211206600044

Numerical model of the water pipe filling with an air valve

[EN] Water filling processes in pipes generate overpressures that must be considered so that the facilities do not fail during their operation. The filling manoeuvres with air trapped in water pipes have been studied by different authors. However, these investigations do not consider the behaviour of the air valves, which act as surge protection devices reducing the overpressures caused. This paper presents the mathematical model developed to simulate the hydraulic and thermodynamic variables that affect the process of filling water with air valves in simple pipes. A water pipe facility with a length of 7.3 m, a nominal diameter of 63 mm and an air valve installed at the highest point has been used to collect data for the validation of the mathematical model.[ES] Los procesos de llenado de agua en conducciones generan sobrepresiones que deben considerarse para que las instalaciones no fallen durante su operación. Las maniobras de llenado con aire atrapado en conducciones de agua han sido estudiadas por distintos autores. No obstante, estas investigaciones no consideran el comportamiento de las válvulas aire, las cuales actúan como dispositivos de protección reduciendo las sobrepresiones ocasionadas. En este trabajo se presenta el modelo matemático desarrollado para simular las variables hidráulicas y termodinámicas que intervienen durante el proceso de llenado de agua con válvulas de aire en tuberías simples. Para la validación del modelo matemático se ha utilizado una instalación con una longitud de 7.3 m y un diámetro nominal de 63 mm, y en donde se ha instalado una ventosa de referencia S050 (A.R.I.) en el punto más alto.Coronado-Hernández, OE.; Fuertes-Miquel, VS.; Besharat, M.; Ramos, HM. (2019). Modelo numérico del proceso de llenado de una conducción simple con válvula de aire. Revista Recursos Hídricos. 40(2):19-25. https://doi.org/10.5894/rh40n2-cti2S192540

Rigid Water Column Model for Simulating the Emptying Process in a Pipeline Using Pressurized Air

This material may be downloaded for personal use only. Any other use requires prior permission of the American Society of Civil Engineers[EN] This paper presents a mathematical model for analyzing the emptying process in a pipeline using pressurized air. The rigid water column model (RWCM) is used to analyze the transient phenomena that occur during the emptying of the pipeline. The air-water interface is also computed in the proposed model. The proposed model is applied along a 271.6-m-long PVC-steel pipeline with a 232-mm internal diameter. The boundary conditions are given by a high-pressure air tank at the upstream end and a manual butterfly valve at the downstream end. The solution was carried out in a computer modeling program. The results show that comparisons between both the computed and measured water flow oscillations and gauge pressures are very similar; hence, the model can effectively simulate the transient flow in this system. In addition, the results indicate that the proposed model can predict both the water flow and gauge pressure better than previous models.Funding for Oscar E. Coronado-Hernandez (doctoral student) was covered by Fundacion Centro de Estudios Interdisciplinarios Basicos y Aplicados (CEIBA)-Gobernacion de Bolivar (Colombia).Coronado-Hernández, OE.; Fuertes-Miquel, VS.; Iglesias Rey, PL.; Martínez-Solano, FJ. (2018). Rigid Water Column Model for Simulating the Emptying Process in a Pipeline Using Pressurized Air. Journal of Hydraulic Engineering. 144(4):1-7. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)HY.1943-7900.0001446S17144

Improving Pump Characteristics through Double Curvature Impellers: Experimental Measurements and 3D CFD Analysis

The outlet angle and shape of impeller blades are important parameters in centrifugal pump design. There is a lack of detailed studies related to double curvature impellers in centrifugal pumps in the current literature; therefore, an experimental and numerical analysis of double curvature impellers was performed. Six impellers were made and then assessed in a centrifugal pump test bed and simulated via 3D CFD simulation. The original impeller was also tested and simulated. One of the manufactured impellers had the same design as the original, and the other five impellers had a double curvature. Laboratory tests and simulations were conducted with three rotation speeds: 1400, 1700, and 1900 RPM. Head and performance curve equations were obtained for the pump–engine unit based on the flow of each impeller for the three rotation speeds. The results showed that a double curvature impeller improved pump head by approximately 1 m for the range of the study and performance by about 2% when compared to basic impeller. On the other hand, it was observed that turbulence models such as k-e and SST k-w reproduced similar physical and numerical results

Supply chain management y logística en la empresa “Pinturas Every”

En este proyecto presentamos la empresa Pinturas EVERY S.A. en donde hemos seleccionado un producto el cual es Pinturas Acrílicas en donde identificamos quienes son los proveedores primer nivel primarios y proveedores de primer nivel secundarios, también los clientes en todos los niveles hasta llegar al consumidor final. Se presenta el análisis del benchmarking de la cadena de abastecimiento, el modelo referencial en logística y la red adaptativa. Se determinan las estrategias para el abastecimiento, almacenamiento, distribución, comercialización y transporte de los productos de la empresa Pinturas Every S.A.In this Project is about the Pinturas Every S.A company, we select a product acrylic paint, where we indentified the first level and secondary suppliers, also all customers levels until come the final customer. We present the analysis benchmarking of the supply chain management, the reference model and the supply chain. We determinate the supply, warehousing, distribution, commercialization and transportation strategics for the products the Pinturas Every S.A company

Energy Transition in Urban Water Infrastructures towards Sustainable Cities

[EN] The world's water infrastructures suffer from inefficiencies, such as high energy consumption and water losses due to inadequate management practices and feeble pressure regulation, leading to frequent water and energy losses. This strains vital water and energy resources, especially in the face of the worsening challenges of climate change and population growth. A novel method is presented that integrates micro-hydropower plants, with pumps as turbines (PATs), in the water network in the city of Funchal. Sensitivity analyses evaluated the microgrid's response to variations in the cost of energy components, showing favorable outcomes with positive net present value (NPV). PV solar and micro-wind turbines installed exclusively at the selected PRV sites within the Funchal hydro grid generate a combined 153 and 55 MWh/year, respectively, supplementing the 406 MWh/year generated by PATs. It should be noted that PATs consistently have the lowest cost of electricity (LCOE), confirming their economic viability and efficiency across different scenarios, even after accounting for reductions in alternative energy sources and grid infrastructure costs.This research was supported by Foundation for Science and Technology of Portugal, grant number UIDB/04625/2020; HY4RES-Hybrid solutions for Renewable Energy Systems: achieving net-zero Atlantic area energy consumers & communities, Interreg project EAPA_0001/2022; and Spanish State Research Plan Scientific and Technical and Innovation 2017-2020 PID2020-114781RAI00.Ramos, HM.; Pérez-Sánchez, M.; Mullur Gurupr, PS.; Carraveta, A.; Kuriqui, A.; Coronado-Hernández, OE.; Fernandes, JF.... (2024). Energy Transition in Urban Water Infrastructures towards Sustainable Cities. Water. 16(3). https://doi.org/10.3390/w1603050416

Clonal chromosomal mosaicism and loss of chromosome Y in elderly men increase vulnerability for SARS-CoV-2

The pandemic caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2, COVID-19) had an estimated overall case fatality ratio of 1.38% (pre-vaccination), being 53% higher in males and increasing exponentially with age. Among 9578 individuals diagnosed with COVID-19 in the SCOURGE study, we found 133 cases (1.42%) with detectable clonal mosaicism for chromosome alterations (mCA) and 226 males (5.08%) with acquired loss of chromosome Y (LOY). Individuals with clonal mosaic events (mCA and/or LOY) showed a 54% increase in the risk of COVID-19 lethality. LOY is associated with transcriptomic biomarkers of immune dysfunction, pro-coagulation activity and cardiovascular risk. Interferon-induced genes involved in the initial immune response to SARS-CoV-2 are also down-regulated in LOY. Thus, mCA and LOY underlie at least part of the sex-biased severity and mortality of COVID-19 in aging patients. Given its potential therapeutic and prognostic relevance, evaluation of clonal mosaicism should be implemented as biomarker of COVID-19 severity in elderly people. Among 9578 individuals diagnosed with COVID-19 in the SCOURGE study, individuals with clonal mosaic events (clonal mosaicism for chromosome alterations and/or loss of chromosome Y) showed an increased risk of COVID-19 lethality

Actas del V Congreso ISUF-H Costa Rica 2021: Ciudades espontáneas versus ciudades planificadas: distintos retos, distintas realidades

En el año 2021 celebramos en Costa Rica la V edición del Congreso ISUF-H, los días 1, 2 y 3 de diciembre, con la Escuela de Arquitectura de la Universidad de Costa Rica como anfitriona del evento. El congreso “Ciudades espontáneas versus ciudades planificadas: distintos retos, distintas realidades” propuso como eje central una reflexión crítica sobre los procesos de urbanización planificada y urbanización espontánea, en el cual se fomente un abordaje de las ciudades como expresión de organización social, económica, ambiental y cultural, enfatizando el carácter ideológico de la urbanización y subrayando su continua construcción como resultado de construcciones complejas. La celebración de un nuevo congreso en América Latina, permitió reforzar la tradición crítica en el abordaje de las ciudades, y reforzar también la necesidad de plantear una perspectiva latinoamericana de los estudios urbanos, y por consiguiente de una teoría urbana latinoamericana. En esta ocasión el congreso se centró en ahondar en la temática de la forma urbana, desde perspectivas transversales que involucren las amplias disciplinas que asumen como objeto de discusión las problemáticas de la ciudad contemporánea y cuestionan la dicotomía planteada entre lo espontáneo y lo planificado. Para la Escuela de Arquitectura de la Universidad de Costa Rica y su Laboratorio de Ciudad y Territorio es un honor haber podido llevar a cabo esta nueva edición del congreso de la Asociación ISUF-H como segunda sede en un país latinoamericano. Relevante para fortalecer la temática de la forma urbana en la región, reforzando alianzas y estableciendo nuevas redes que permitan compartir conocimientos a partir de las experiencias de esas diversidades urbanas. Auspiciar el debate en torno a la morfología urbana y las diferencias entre esas ciudades espontáneas y las planificadas, fue una oportunidad para reunir a expertos de las distintas latitudes hispánicas.UCR::Vicerrectoría de Docencia::Ingeniería::Facultad de Ingeniería::Escuela de Arquitectur

PROYECTO Y ARQUITECTURA: UNA MIRADA DESDE EL CARIBE

Es un motivo de orgullo para la Facultad de Arquitectura, Arte y Diseño de la Corporación Universitaria del Caribe – CECAR, presentar este libro que recoge las memorias del Primer Coloquio de Investigación denominado “Proyecto y arquitectura, una mirada desde el Caribe”, realizado en la Corporación Universitaria del Caribe CECAR, en la ciudad de Sincelejo, Sucre, el primero de noviembre del año 2013. El trabajo que hoy se presenta, representa el esfuerzo por parte de los miembros de la Facultad de Arquitectura, Arte y Diseño de CECAR, en cabeza de su Decano, Arquitecto Gilberto Martínez Osorio, quienes desde su compromiso y entrega, hicieron posible la construcción de un espacio para el diálogo, en el cual investigadores, grupos de investigación y estudiantes de arquitectura, pertenecientes a diferentes programas de arquitectura del país, pudieron compartir las investigaciones más actualizadas en el campo de la arquitectura y el urbanismo