Integrating top-down and bottom-up approaches to design a cost-effective and equitable programme of measures for adaptation of a river basin to global change

[EN] Adaptation to the multiple facets of global change challenges the conventional means of sustainably planning and managing water resources at the river basin scale. Numerous demand or supply management options are available, from which adaptation measures need to be selected in a context of high uncertainty of future conditions. Given the interdependency of water users, agreements need to be found at the local level to implement the most effective adaptation measures. Therefore, this thesis develops an approach combining economics and water resources engineering to select a cost-effective programme of adaptation measures in the context of climate change uncertainty, and to define an equitable allocation of the cost of the adaptation plan between the stakeholders involved. A framework is developed to integrate inputs from the two main approaches commonly used to plan for adaptation. The first, referred to as "top-down", consists of a modelling chain going from global greenhouse gases emission scenarios to local hydrological models used to assess the impact of climate change on water resources. Conversely, the second approach, called "bottom-up", starts from assessing vulnerability at the local level to then identify adaptation measures used to face an uncertain future. Outcomes from these two approaches are integrated to select a cost-effective combination of adaptation measures through a least-cost optimization model developed at the river basin scale. The model is then used to investigate the trade-offs between different planning objectives defined in terms of environmental flow requirements, irrigated agriculture development, and the cost of the programme of measures. The performances of a programme of measures are finally assessed under different climate projections to identify robust and least-regret adaptation measures. The issue of allocating the cost of the adaptation plan is considered through two complementary perspectives. The outcome of a negotiation process between the stakeholders is modelled through the implementation of cooperative game theory to define cost allocation scenarios. These results are compared with cost allocation rules based on social justice principles to provide contrasted insights into a negotiation process. This innovative framework has been applied in a Mediterranean case study in the Orb River basin (France). Mid-term climate projections, downscaled from 9 General Climate Models, are used to assess the uncertainty associated with climate projections. Demand evolution scenarios have been developed to project agricultural and urban water demands on the 2030 time horizon. The least-cost river basin optimization model developed in GAMS allows the cost-effective selection of a programme of measures from a catalogue of 462 supply and demand management measures. Nine cost allocation scenarios based on different social justice principles have been discussed through face-to-face semi-structured interviews with 15 key informants and compared with solution concepts from cooperative game theory for a 3-player game defined at the river basin scale. The interdisciplinary framework developed in this thesis combines economics and water resources engineering methods, establishing a promising means of bridging the gap between bottom-up and top-down approaches and supporting the creation of cost-effective and equitable adaptation plans at the local level.[ES] La adaptación a los múltiples aspectos del cambio global supone un reto para los enfoques convencionales de planificación y gestión sostenible de los recursos hídricos a escala de cuenca. Numerosas opciones de gestión de la demanda o de la oferta están disponibles, de entre las cuales es necesario seleccionar medidas de adaptación en un contexto de elevada incertidumbre sobre las condiciones futuras. Dadas las interdependencias existentes entre los usuarios del agua a nivel local, hace falta buscar acuerdos a escala de cuenca para implementar las medidas de adaptación más eficaces. Por este motivo, esta tesis desarrolla una metodología que, combinando economía e ingeniería de los recursos hídricos, busca seleccionar un programa de medidas coste-eficaz frente a las incertidumbres del cambio climático, y asimismo definir un reparto justo del coste de la adaptación entre los actores implicados. El marco metodológico ha sido desarrollado para integrar contribuciones de los dos principales enfoques utilizados para la planificación de la adaptación. El primero, denominado descendente ("top-down"), consiste en una cadena de modelación que va desde los escenarios de emisiones de gases efecto invernadero a nivel global hasta los modelos hidrológicos utilizados a nivel local para evaluar así el impacto del cambio climático sobre los recursos hídricos. Por el contrario, el segundo enfoque denominado ascendente ("bottom-up") empieza por evaluar la vulnerabilidad del sistema a nivel local para después identificar medidas de adaptación frente a un futuro incierto. Los resultados de los métodos mencionados previamente se han integrado con el fin de seleccionar una combinación coste-eficaz de medidas de adaptación a través de un modelo de optimización a menor coste a escala de cuenca. El modelo se utiliza para investigar las soluciones de compromiso ("trade-offs") entre diversos objetivos de planificación como son los caudales ecológicos necesarios, el desarrollo del regadío y el coste del programa de medidas. Seguidamente, se han evaluado los programas de adaptación frente a varias condiciones climáticas para definir así un programa de medidas robusto y de arrepentimiento mínimo frente al cambio climático. En la última parte se aborda el problema del reparto justo de los costes del plan de adaptación, entendiendo que esto es una manera de favorecer su implementación. Para ello, se han modelado los resultados de un proceso de negociación entre los diferentes actores mediante escenarios de reparto basados en la teoría de juegos cooperativos. Posteriormente, se han comparado estos resultados con otras reglas de reparto de costes basadas en principios de justicia social, proporcionando así un punto de vista diferente al proceso de negociación. Este novedoso enfoque ha sido aplicado a una cuenca mediterránea, la cuenca del rio Orb (Francia). Para ello, se han empleado proyecciones climáticas a medio-plazo de datos reescalados de 9 Modelos de Circulación Global. Además, se han desarrollado escenarios de evolución de la demanda en los sectores urbano y agrícola para el horizonte de planificación de 2030. El modelo de optimización a menor coste a escala de cuenca desarrollado en GAMS permite seleccionar un programa de medidas, de entre las 462 medidas de gestión de la oferta o de la demanda. Nueve escenarios de reparto de costes basados en diferentes principios de justicia social han sido debatidos con informantes clave mediante entrevistas y comparados con conceptos de solución de la teoría de juegos cooperativos, considerando un juego de 3 jugadores a escala de cuenca. El marco interdisciplinario desarrollado durante esta tesis combina métodos de economía y de ingeniería de los recursos hídricos de manera prometedora y permite integrar los enfoques "top-down" y "bottom-up", contribuyendo a definir un plan de adaptación coste-eficaz y justo a nivel local.[CA] L'adaptació als múltiples aspectes del canvi global implica un repte per als enfocaments convencionals de planificació i gestió sostenible dels recursos hídrics a escala de conca. Existeixen nombroses opcions de gestió de la demanda y de la oferta. De entre elles, cal seleccionar mesures d'adaptació en un context d'incertesa elevada sobre les condicions futures. Donades les interaccions entre els usuaris de l'aigua a nivell local, és necessari buscar acords a escala de conca per tal d'implementar les mesures d'adaptació més eficaces. Per aquest motiu, la tesi desenvolupa una metodologia que, mitjançant la combinació d'economia i enginyeria dels recursos hídrics, siga adient per seleccionar un programa de mesures cost-eficaç per a fer front a les incerteses del canvi climàtic i, a més a més, definir un repartiment just del cost d'adaptació entre els actors implicats. El marc metodològic ha estat desenvolupat amb el fi de permetre integrar contribucions del principals enfocaments que s'utilitzen per a la planificació de l'adaptació. El primer, que es denomina descendent ("top-down"), consisteix a una cadena de modelació que va des dels escenaris d'emissions de gas d'efecte hivernacle a nivell global fins als models hidrològics a nivell local per avaluar l'impacte del canvi climàtic sobre els recursos hídrics. Per contra, el segon enfocament, que es denomina ascendent ("bottom-up"), comença per avaluar la vulnerabilitat del sistema a nivell local per a tot seguit identificar mesures d'adaptació de cara a un futur incert. Els resultats del mètodes esmentats prèviament, s'han integrat per a seleccionar una combinació de mesures d'adaptació cost-eficaç mitjançant un model d'optimització a menor cost a escala de conca. El model s'utilitza per investigar les solucions de compromís ("trade-offs") entre els diversos objectius de planificació, com són els cabals ecològics necessaris, el desenvolupament del regadiu i el cost del programa de mesures. A continuació, s'avaluen els programes d'adaptació per a varies condicions climàtiques amb el fi de definir un programa de mesures robust i de penediment mínim per a fer front al canvi climàtic. En la darrera part, s'escomet el problema del repartiment just dels costs del pla d'adaptació, considerant que això és una manera de facilitar la implementació del pla. En conseqüència, els resultats d'un procés de negociació entre els diferents actors han estat modelats mitjançant escenaris de repartiment basats en la teoria de jocs cooperatius. Tot seguit, els resultats s'han comparat amb altres regles de repartiment de costos basades en principis de justícia social. Això ha proporcionat un punt de vista diferent al procés de negociació. Aquest enfocament innovador s'ha aplicat a una conca mediterrània, la conca del riu Orb (França). Amb aquesta finalitat s'han utilitzat projeccions climàtiques a mig termini de dades reescalades de 9 Models de Circulació Global (MCG). A més a més, s'han desenvolupat escenaris d'evolució de la demanada en els sectors agrícola i urbà per a l'horitzó de planificació de 2030. El model d'optimització a menor cost a escala de conca desenvolupat en GAMS permet seleccionar un programa de mesures, de entre les 462 mesures de gestió de la oferta o de la demanda. Els nou escenaris de repartiment de costs han estat debatuts amb informants clau, mitjançant entrevistes, i comparats amb conceptes de solució de la teoria de jocs cooperatius, considerant un joc de 3 jugadors a escala de conca. El marc interdisciplinari desenvolupat al llarg de la tesi combina mètodes d'economia i d'enginyeria dels recursos hídrics de manera prometedora i permet la integració d'enfocaments "top-down" i "bottom-up", fet que contribueix a definir un pla d'adaptació cost-eficaç i just a escala local.Girard, CDP. (2015). Integrating top-down and bottom-up approaches to design a cost-effective and equitable programme of measures for adaptation of a river basin to global change [Tesis doctoral]. Universitat Politècnica de València. https://doi.org/10.4995/Thesis/10251/59461TESISPremios Extraordinarios de tesis doctorale

Sharing the cost of river basin adaptation portfolios to climate change: Insights from social justice and cooperative game theory

[EN] The adaptation of water resource systems to the potential impacts of climate change requires mixed portfolios of supply and demand adaptation measures. The issue is not only to select efficient, robust, and flexible adaptation portfolios but also to find equitable strategies of cost allocation among the stakeholders. Our work addresses such cost allocation problems by applying two different theoretical approaches: social justice and cooperative game theory in a real case study. First of all, a cost-effective portfolio of adaptation measures at the basin scale is selected using a least-cost optimization model. Cost allocation solutions are then defined based on economic rationality concepts from cooperative game theory (the Core). Second, interviews are conducted to characterize stakeholders perceptions of social justice principles associated with the definition of alternatives cost allocation rules. The comparison of the cost allocation scenarios leads to contrasted insights in order to inform the decision-making process at the river basin scale and potentially reap the efficiency gains from cooperation in the design of river basin adaptation portfolios.The study has been partially supported by the IMPADAPT project (CGL2013-48424-C2-1-R) from the Spanish ministry MINECO (Ministerio de Economia y Competitividad) with European FEDER funds. The first author is supported by a grant from the University Lecturer Training Program (FPU12/03803) of the Ministry of Education, Culture and Sports of Spain. The second author is financially supported by BRGM's research program 30 (environmental and risk economics). Readers interested in the data can request those by e-mail to Corentin Girard, [email protected], CDP.; Rinaudo, J.; Pulido-Velazquez, M. (2016). Sharing the cost of river basin adaptation portfolios to climate change: Insights from social justice and cooperative game theory. 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An interdisciplinary modelling framework for selecting adaptation measures at the river basin scale in a global change scenario

Shaping global change adaptation strategy in water resource systems requires an interdisciplinary approach to deal with the multiple dimensions of the problem. The modelling framework presented integrates climate, economic, agronomic and hydrological scenarios to design a programme of adaptation measures at the river basin scale. Future demand scenarios; combined with a down-scaled climate scenario, provide the basis to estimate the demand and water resources in 2030. A least-cost river basin optimisation model is then applied to select adaptation measures ensuring that environmental and supply management goals are achieved. In the Orb river basin (France), the least-cost portfolio selected suggests mixing demand and supply side measures to adapt to global change. Trade-offs among the cost of the programme of measures, the deficit in agricultural water supply and the level of environmental flows are investigated. The challenges to implement such interdisciplinary approaches in the definition of adaptation strategies are finally discussed. (C) 2015 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.The study has been partially supported by ONEMA, by the Scarce Project (Consolider-Ingenio 2010 CSD2009-00065) and IMPADAPT project (CGL2013-48424-C2-1-R) of the Spanish ministry MINECO (Ministerio de Economia y Competitividad) with European FEDER funds. Corentin Girard is supported by a grant from the University Lecturer Training Program (FPU12/03803) of the Ministry of Education, Culture and Sports of Spain. We also acknowledge the CERFACS for the climate scenarios provided from their SCRATCH 2010 dataset (March 2012 release - http://www.cerfacs.fr/similar to page/work/scratch/). We are very grateful to S. Chazot (BRLi), E. Vier and F. Aigoui (GINGERGROUP) and L. Rippert and its team from the SMVOL for their advice during the research and for the data provided. We thank as well the anonymous reviewers, and the Editor-in-Chief of Environmental Modelling and Software, Anthony Jakeman, for their support in the improvement of the manuscript and their encouraging comments.Girard, CDP.; Rinaudo, J.; Pulido-Velazquez, M.; Caballero, Y. (2015). An interdisciplinary modelling framework for selecting adaptation measures at the river basin scale in a global change scenario. Environmental Modelling and Software. 69:42-54. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envsoft.2015.02.023S42546

Integrating top-down and bottom-up approaches to design global change adaptation at the river basin scale

The high uncertainty associated with the effect of global change on water resource systems calls for a better combination of conventional top-down and bottom-up approaches, in order to design robust adaptation plans at the local scale. The methodological framework presented in this article introduces bottom-up meets top-down integrated approach to support the selection of adaptation measures at the river basin level by comprehensively integrating the goals of economic efficiency, social acceptability, environmental sustainability and adaptation robustness. The top-down approach relies on the use of a chain of models to assess the impact of global change on water resources and its adaptive management over a range of climate projections. Future demand scenarios and locally prioritised adaptation measures are identified following a bottom-up approach through a participatory process with the relevant stakeholders and experts. The optimal combinations of adaptation measures are then selected using a hydro-economic model at basin scale for each climate projection. The resulting adaptation portfolios are, finally, climate checked to define a robust least-regret programme of measures based on trade-offs between adaptation costs and the reliability of supply for agricultural demands. This innovative approach has been applied to a Mediterranean basin, the Orb river basin (France). Mid-term climate projections, downscaled from 9 General Climate Models, are used to assess the uncertainty associated with climate projections. Demand evolution scenarios are developed to project agricultural and urban water demands on the 2030 time horizon. The results derived from the integration of the bottom-up and top-down approaches illustrate the sensitivity of the adaptation strategies to the climate projections, and provide an assessment of the trade-offs between the performance of the water resource system and the cost of the adaptation plan to inform local decision-making. The article contributes new methodological elements for the development of an integrated framework for decision-making under climate change uncertainty, advocating an interdisciplinary approach that bridges the gap between bottom-up and top-down approaches.The study has been financially supported by BRGM-ONEMA joint project on Hydro-economic modelling and by the IMPADAPT project (CGL2013-48424-C2-1-R) from the Spanish ministry MINECO (Ministerio de Economia y Competitividad) with European FEDER funds. Corentin Girard is supported by a grant from the University Lecturer Training Program (FPU12/03803) of the Ministry of Education, Culture and Sports of Spain. We also acknowledge the CERFACS for the climate scenarios provided from the SCRATCH 2010 dataset (March 2012 release - http://www.cerfacs.fr/similar to page/work/scratch/). We thank as well the anonymous reviewers and the Editors of Global Environmental Change, for their useful and encouraging comments during the review process.Girard, CDP.; Pulido-Velazquez, M.; Rinaudo, J.; Page Oliva, C.; Caballero, I. (2015). Integrating top-down and bottom-up approaches to design global change adaptation at the river basin scale. Global Environmental Change. 34:132-146. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gloenvcha.2015.07.002S1321463

Role of economic instruments in water allocation reform: lessons from Europe

A growing number of countries are reforming their water allocation regimes through the use of economic instruments. This article analyzes the performance of economic instruments in water allocation reforms compared against their original design objectives in five European countries: England, France, Italy, Spain and the Netherlands. We identify the strengths of, barriers to and unintended consequences of economic instruments in the varying socio-economic, legal, institutional and biophysical context in each case study area, and use this evidence to draw out underlying common guidelines and recommendations. These lessons will help improve the effectiveness of future reforms while supporting more efficient water resources allocation

From local knowledge to decision making in climate change adaptation at basin scale. Application to the Jucar River Basin, Spain

[EN] Climate change is challenging the conventional approaches for water systems planning. Two main approaches are commonly implemented in the design of climate change adaptation plans: impact-oriented top-down approaches and vulnerability-oriented bottom-up approaches. In order to overcome the shortcomings of both approaches and take advantage of their strengths, we propose an integrative methodology to define adaptation strategies at basin scale, identifying and combining potential changes in water demand and water supply infrastructure along with climate variability and change. The impact of climate change on future local water availability is assessed applying a top-down approach. Local knowledge is used through a participatory bottom-up approach to foresee future scenarios of evolution of the agricultural sector and agricultural water demand, and to identify locally relevant adaptation strategies. A hydroeconomic model integrates the information from both approaches to identify a socially acceptable and cost-effective program of measures for each climate scenario. This method was applied to the Jucar basin, a highly regulated basin with a tight equilibrium between water resources and demands. The results show an important variability of climate change impacts across the basin, with main inflow reductions in the headwaters. The stakeholders prioritized the adaptation options of change to drip irrigation, use of non-conventional resources, and changes in water governance. The results obtained from the hydroeconomic model show that the portfolio of selected adaptation measures could significantly reduce the system's average annual deficit and costOpen Access funding provided thanks to the CRUE-CSIC agreement with Springer Nature. This study has received funding from the European Union's Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme under the GoNEXUS project (GA no. 101003722), as well from ADAPTAMED (RTI2018-101483-B-I00) and the former IMPADAPT project (CGL2013-48424-C2-1-R) with Spanish MINECO (Ministerio de Economia y Competitividad) and European FEDER funds at the early stages. PM-G has been also supported by a FPI grant from the PhD Training Program (BES-2014-070490) of the former MINECO.Marcos-García, P.; Pulido-Velazquez, M.; Sanchis Ibor, C.; García Molla, M.; Ortega-Reig, M.; Garcia-Prats, A.; Girard-Martin, CDP. (2023). From local knowledge to decision making in climate change adaptation at basin scale. Application to the Jucar River Basin, Spain. Climatic Change. 176(4):1-23. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10584-023-03501-8123176

Comparative studies on water governance: a systematic review

Governance is key to tackle water challenges and transform water management under the increasing pressures of competing water uses and climate change. Diverse water governance regimes have evolved in different countries and regions to regulate the development and management of water resources and the provision of water services. Scholars and policy analysts have been comparing these water governance regimes to analyze elements and processes, to assess performance, or to draw lessons. While the number of such studies has increased over the past decades, no comprehensive synthesis exists. This paper aims to present such a synthesis through conducting a systematic review of the emerging field of comparative water governance studies, and critically reflecting on how water governance is defined, conceptualized and assessed in different contexts. Based on the insights that this review brings about, we identify four areas for future research: 1) improving the balance between small-N, medium-N and large-N studies that are applied for comparative studies on water governance, 2) conducting longitudinal comparisons of water governance in order to identify temporal governance trends and patterns 3) expanding the geographical coverage of the comparisons to include underrepresented countries and regions, focusing more broadly on the Global South 4) addressing the issues of justice, equity and power, which are becoming increasingly important in tackling the water governance challenges that are exacerbated by the impacts of climate change, industrialization and urbanization

Adaptación de la agricultura a escenarios de cambio global. Aplicación de métodos participativos en la cuenca del río Júcar (España)

[EN] This paper develops a participatory methodology to integrate farmer’s vision in the design of an adaptation strategy to global change in the Jucar River basin. It aims at answering three questions: How farmers perceive climate change impacts; which adaptation measures they consider; and how they assess these measures. Participatory workshops with different actors were held in two areas (La Ribera and La Mancha Oriental). This methodology has allowed identifying the local impacts and consequences of global change, and the difficulties of the adaptation processes to climate change scenarios.[ES] El presente trabajo desarrolla una metodología participativa para integrar la visión de los agricultores en el diseño de una estrategia de adaptación al cambio global en la cuenca del Júcar. Responde a tres preguntas: cómo perciben los agricultores los impactos del cambio climático, qué medidas de adaptación identifican, y cómo las valoran. Se desarrolló mediante talleres participativos con actores de dos zonas de la cuenca (La Ribera y La Mancha Oriental). Además de identificar los impactos locales del cambio global, se analizan las dificultades de adaptación percibidas por los agricultores.Ortega-Reig, M.; García-Mollá, M.; Sanchis-Ibor, C.; Pulido-Velázquez, M.; Girard, C.; Marcos, P.; Ruiz-Rodríguez, M.... (2019). Adaptation of agriculture to global change scenarios. Application of participatory methods in the Júcar River basin (Spain). Economía Agraria y Recursos Naturales - Agricultural and Resource Economics. 18(2):29-51. https://doi.org/10.7201/earn.2018.02.02SWORD295118

Intégrer les approches "top-down" et "bottom-up" pour définir un programme de mesures cout-efficace et équitable pour s'adapter au changement global à l'échelle d'un bassin versant

Adaptation to global change challenges at the river basin scale requires selecting from demand and supply management measures in a context of high uncertainty on future conditions. Given the interdependency of water users, agreements need to be found at the local level to implement the most effective adaptation measures. Therefore, this thesis develops an approach combining economics and water resources engineering to: select a cost-effective programme of adaptation measures in the context of climate change uncertainty; and define an equitable allocation of the cost of the adaptation plan between the stakeholders involved. The framework developed integrates inputs from the two main approaches commonly used to plan for adaptation. The first, referred to as “top-down”, estimates the impact on the local water resources from different climate change scenarios at the global level. Conversely, the second, called “bottom-up”, starts by assessing vulnerability at the local level to then identify adaptation measures to face an uncertain future. Outcomes from the previous approaches applied in the Orb River basin (France) are integrated to select a cost-effective combination of adaptation measures through a least-cost optimization model developed at the river basin scale. Supply-side infrastructure development measures are considered, as well as demand-side household water conservation measures or irrigation efficiency improvement. The model is then used to investigate the trade-offs between different planning objectives and to identify robust and least-regret adaptation measures. The issue of allocating the cost of the adaptation plan is considered from two complementary perspectives. The outcome of a negotiation process between the stakeholders is modelled through the implementation of cooperative game theory to define cost allocation scenarios. These results are then compared with cost allocation rules based on social justice principles to provide contrasted insights into a negotiation process. The interdisciplinary framework developed during this thesis combines economics and water resources engineering methods, creating a promising means of bridging the gap between bottom-up and top-down approaches and supporting the definition of cost-effective and equitable adaptation plans at the local level.L’adaptation au changement global à l’échelle des bassins versants requiert la sélection des mesures d’adaptation efficace dans un contexte d’incertitudes élevées concernant les conditions futures. Étant donné l’interdépendance entre les usagers de l’eau à l’échelle d’un bassin versant, des accords sont nécessaires pour mettre en place les mesures d’adaptation les plus efficaces. Cette thèse développe une approche pour : sélectionner un programme de mesures d’adaptation coût-efficace dans un contexte d’incertitudes liées au changement climatique ; et pour définir une répartition équitable du coût d’un tel programme de mesures entre les différentes parties prenantes. Le cadre méthodologique développé intègre les deux principales approches habituellement utilisées pour la planification de l’adaptation. La première, intitulée « Top-down» (Descendante), évalue l’impact de différents scénarios climatiques au niveau global sur les ressources en eau à l’échelle locale. La deuxième approche, appelée « Bottom-up » (Ascendante), commence par évaluer la vulnérabilité au niveau local pour ensuite identifier des mesures d’adaptation qui permettront de faire face à un futur incertain. Les résultats des approches précédentes, appliquées dans le bassin versant de l’Orb (France), ont été intégrés au moyen d’un modèle d’optimisation pour sélectionner une combinaison coût-efficace de mesures d’adaptation, considérant la possibilité de développer de nouvelles infrastructures, mais aussi de mettre en place des mesures d’économie d’eau dans les ménages ou d’amélioration de l’efficacité de l’irrigation. Le modèle est ensuite utilisé pour explorer les arbitrages possibles entre différents objectifs de planification et identifier des mesures d’adaptation robustes et de moindre regret. La question de la répartition du coût du plan d’adaptation est ensuite considérée depuis deux perspectives complémentaires. Le processus de négociation entre les acteurs impliqués est modélisé au moyen de la théorie des jeux coopératifs pour définir des scénarios de répartition des coûts équitables. Ces scénarios sont ensuite comparés avec des règles de répartition des coûts basées sur différents principes de justice sociale évaluées avec les acteurs locaux pour apporter des éléments de discussion au processus de négociation. Le cadre méthodologique interdisciplinaire développé durant cette thèse contribue à combler l’écart entre les méthodes Top-down (descendantes) et Bottom-up (ascendantes) pour informer la définition de plan d’adaptation coût-efficace et équitable à l’échelle locale

Comprendre 40 années de transition vers l'agriculture biologique et l'agroécologie dans la Vallée de la Drôme : Un outil multimédia autour de l'histoire et des savoir-faire agroécologiques en Biovallée

Outil multimédia autour de l'histoire et des savoir-faire agroécologiques en Biovallée consultable sur : http://sagacite.caprural.org/story_html5.html Vise à comprendre 40 années de transition vers l'agriculture biologique et l'agroécologie dans la Vallée de la DrômeOutil multimédia autour de l'histoire et des savoir-faire agroécologiques en Biovallée consultable sur : http://sagacite.caprural.org/story_html5.html Vise à comprendre 40 années de transition vers l'agriculture biologique et l'agroécologie dans la Vallée de la DrômeQuand dans les années 1970, quelques néo-ruraux s’implantent dans les montagnes du Diois (Drôme), et prônent le développement de l’agriculture biologique et de la filière des plantes aromatiques et médicinales, personne ne faisait de pari sur leur avenir. Aujourd’hui, tous les journaux émanant de la collectivité départementale font référence à « la Drôme, 1er département bio de France ». En effet, 40 ans après, la vallée de la Drôme témoigne d’une profonde transformation dans les productions et les façons de faire, et revendique le nom de Biovallée. C’est ainsi qu’un changement initié en milieu montagnard, a fondamentalement modifié les manières de produire de plus de 1100 agriculteurs du département, sur plus de 21% des superficies agricoles, plaçant le département en tête de la reconversion en agriculture biologique. Cette dynamique interroge. Montrerait-elle que quelques niches d’innovation restent juxtaposées avec le modèle de l’agriculture productiviste reposant sur le couple formé par l’Etat et la FNSEA ? S’agirait-il d’une adaptation de ce modèle à une crise qui imposait son renouvellement ? Assiste-t-on à une réelle transition compris comme un passage vers un autre système ? C’est à ces questions que cette démarche a l’ambition de répondre. Notre hypothèse est que nous assistons à un processus de fragmentation, à la rencontre de différentes trajectoires. Elle nécessite une analyse des processus en œuvre sur une longue durée. C’est ce que permet cette frise chronosystémique élaborée avec des acteurs du territoire. En 50 ans, la Drôme est devenu le 1er département bio de France, et la vallée de la Drôme le premier territoire du département. Comment cela s’est-il passé ?Pour y répondre, nous avons construits une frise historique et interrogé des protagonistes de cette transition dite agroécologique, entendu à la fois comme une évolution de pratiques agricoles mais aussi un projet de société, un projet de territoire ? Cette frise a été conçue de manière participative, entre novembre 2017 et juillet 2019.La méthode utilisée est celle de la « frise chronosystémique ». La collecte des informations, la conception et mise en forme de la frise ont été réalisé par Sabine Girard, Pierre-Antoine Landel, Agnes Bergeret et Corentin Fialon, avec l’appui du Collectif Agroécologie en Biovallée . Elle a été conçue à partir des apports de différents acteurs du territoire, tout d’abord lors d’un atelier collectif, qui a eu lieu à Die, le 17 novembre 2017 et a rassemblé 14 personnes connaissant bien l’histoire de l’agriculture sur le territoire. Par la suite, les chercheurs ont réalisé des entretiens semi-directifs auprès d’une vingtaine d’autres acteurs du territoire. Enfin, les informations ont été vérifiées et complétés par des sources bibliographiques. Cette frise est donc le fruit d’un travail « à dire d’acteurs » et n'a pas vocation à être exhaustif