Hierarchical genetic structure shaped by topography in a narrow-endemic montane grasshopper

[Background]: Understanding the underlying processes shaping spatial patterns of genetic structure in free-ranging organisms is a central topic in evolutionary biology. Here, we aim to disentangle the relative importance of neutral (i.e. genetic drift) and local adaptation (i.e. ecological divergence) processes in the evolution of spatial genetic structure of the Morales grasshopper (Chorthippus saulcyi moralesi), a narrow-endemic taxon restricted to the Central Pyrenees. More specifically, we analysed range-wide patterns of genetic structure and tested whether they were shaped by geography (isolation-by-distance, IBD), topographic complexity and present and past habitat suitability models (isolation-byresistance, IBR), and environmental dissimilarity (isolation-by-environment, IBE).[Results]: Different clustering analyses revealed a deep genetic structure that was best explained by IBR based on topographic complexity. Our analyses did not reveal a significant role of IBE, a fact that may be due to low environmental variation among populations and/or consequence of other ecological factors not considered in this study are involved in local adaptation processes. IBR scenarios informed by current and past climate distribution models did not show either a significant impact on genetic differentiation after controlling for the effects of topographic complexity, which may indicate that they are not capturing well microhabitat structure in the present or the genetic signal left by dispersal routes defined by habitat corridors in the past.[Conclusions]: Overall, these results indicate that spatial patterns of genetic variation in our study system are primarily explained by neutral divergence and migration-drift equilibrium due to limited dispersal across abrupt reliefs, whereas environmental variation or spatial heterogeneity in habitat suitability associated with the complex topography of the region had no significant effect on genetic discontinuities after controlling for geography. Our study highlights the importance of considering a comprehensive suite of potential isolating mechanisms and analytical approaches in order to get robust inferences on the processes promoting genetic divergence of natural populations.VN was supported by a FPI pre-doctoral scholarship (BES-2012-053741) from Ministerio de Economía y Competitividad. JO was supported by Severo Ochoa (SEV-2012-0262) and Ramón y Cajal (RYC-2013-12501) research fellowships. This work received financial support from research grants CGL2011-25053 (Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovación and European Social Fund), POII10-0197-0167, PEII-2014-023-P (Junta de Comunidades de Castilla-La Mancha and European Social Fund) and UNCM08-1E-018 (European Regional Development Fund).We acknowledge support of the publication fee by the CSIC Open Access Publication Support Initiative through its Unit of Information Resources for Research (URICI).Peer reviewe

Revisión de la etiología, diagnóstico, tratamiento y causas de la desviación angular Windswept en potros

Angular limb deformities are defined as a lateral or medial deviations to the long axis of the leg in the frontal plane. These are classified according to their appearance in congenital and acquired deformities. Congenital deformities occur in the first month of birth or within three years of the foal`s life, mainly due to nutritional problems and/or alterations in the position of the fetus in the uterus...Las deformidades angulares son desviaciones del eje axial de uno o más miembros de un potro en el plano frontal hacia lateral o medial. Estas se clasifican según su aparición en deformidades congénitas y adquiridas. Las deformidades congénitas se presentan en el primer mes de nacido o dentro de los tres años de vida del potro, principalmente debido a problemas nutricionales y/o alteraciones en la posición del feto en el útero..

SrfJ, a salmonella type III secretion system effector regulated by PhoP, RcsB, and IolR.

Virulence-related type III secretion systems are present in many Gram-negative bacterial pathogens. These complex devices translocate proteins, called effectors, from the bacterium into the eukaryotic host cell. Here, we identify the product of srfJ, a Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium gene regulated by SsrB, as a new substrate of the type III secretion system encoded by Salmonella pathogenicity island 2. The N-terminal 20-amino-acid segment of SrfJ was recognized as a functional secretion and translocation signal specific for this system. Transcription of srfJ was positively regulated by the PhoP/PhoQ system in an SsrBdependent manner and was negatively regulated by the Rcs system in an SsrB-independent manner. A screen for regulators of an srfJ-lacZ transcriptional fusion using the T-POP transposon identified IolR, the regulator of genes involved in myo-inositol utilization, as an srfJ repressor. Our results suggest that SrfJ is synthesized both inside the host, in response to intracellular conditions, and outside the host, in myo-inositol-rich environments

Conocimientos y actitudes de los médicos residentes de primer año frente a la depresión en pacientes hospitalizados en el Hospital Nacional Daniel Alcides Carrión en el año 2016

Antecedentes: La depresión es un problema de salud pública. En el mundo más de 350 millones de personas la padecen y es un factor de riesgo de morbimortalidad, es la cuarta causa de discapacidad y tiene implicancias sociales. La depresión requiere de una adecuada atención de parte del personal médico. Objetivos: Determinar los conocimientos y actitudes de los médicos residentes de primer año del HNDAC en relación a la depresión que presentan los pacientes hospitalizados. Método: Estudio cuantitativo, descriptivo, transversal. Se encuestó a los médicos residentes del HNDAC para evaluar los conocimientos y actitudes sobre la depresión. Resultados: Se encuestaron 54 residentes, la mayoría era de sexo masculino (69%) y eran de áreas clínicas (53,7%). El 27,8% ha llevado cursos de actualización en psiquiatría, el 48,2% mostraba bajo interés en patologías mentales, el 53,7% de los residentes no se siente confiado respecto a sus capacidades para diagnosticar patologías psiquiátricas, el 66,7% de los médicos residentes no psiquiatras no evalúan la sintomatología psiquiátrica y el 66,7% no brinda apoyo emocional a los pacientes. Los médicos residentes que manejan casos de depresión brindan terapias con benzodiacepinas (43,5%). Conclusiones: La mayoría de médicos residentes presente bajo interés a las patologías psiquiátricas, no ha tenido cursos de actualización en psiquiatría, no tiene confianza en sí mismo para diagnosticar casos de patologías mentales y los médicos residentes que manejan casos de depresión presentan un inadecuado manejo respecto a las guías internacionales de esta patología.Tesi

Metodología para la Elaboración del Requerimiento del Plantel Profesional Clave en la Ejecución de Obras de Pistas y Veredas Menores a S/ 10 000 000.00 – 2018

Las obras de pistas y veredas en el Perú se vienen desarrollando sin la presencia del plantel profesional clave propuesto en las licitaciones públicas, según los informes emitidos por la Contraloría General de la República de Perú, evidenciando que seis obras no cuentan con la presencia de los profesionales propuestos, el cual representaría el 37%, es por ello que se plantea una “Metodología para la elaboración del requerimiento del plantel profesional clave en la ejecución de obras de pistas y veredas menores a S/ 10 000 000.00 – 2018”, analizando los requerimientos elaborados por las entidades, donde se pudo verificar que no definen la función, participación e información de los profesionales requeridos, debido que las norma de contrataciones peruana no exigen dichos requisitos para la adecuada gestión del contrato y calidad de la obra. Por lo tanto, se plantea recopilar información de las normas de control interno, normas peruanas y chilenas, como también apoyarnos de la metodología recomendada por el Project Management Institute para la gestión de proyectos.Tesi

Discordant patterns of genetic and phenotypic differentiation in five grasshopper species codistributed across a microreserve network

Conservation plans can be greatly improved when information on the evolutionary and demographic consequences of habitat fragmentation is available for several codistributed species. Here, we study spatial patterns of phenotypic and genetic variation among five grasshopper species that are codistributed across a network of microreserves but show remarkable differences in dispersal-related morphology (body size and wing length), degree of habitat specialization and extent of fragmentation of their respective habitats in the study region. In particular, we tested the hypothesis that species with preferences for highly fragmented microhabitats show stronger genetic and phenotypic structure than codistributed generalist taxa inhabiting a continuous matrix of suitable habitat. We also hypothesized a higher resemblance of spatial patterns of genetic and phenotypic variability among species that have experienced a higher degree of habitat fragmentation due to their more similar responses to the parallel large-scale destruction of their natural habitats. In partial agreement with our first hypothesis, we found that genetic structure, but not phenotypic differentiation, was higher in species linked to highly fragmented habitats. We did not find support for congruent patterns of phenotypic and genetic variability among any studied species, indicating that they show idiosyncratic evolutionary trajectories and distinctive demographic responses to habitat fragmentation across a common landscape. This suggests that conservation practices in networks of protected areas require detailed ecological and evolutionary information on target species to focus management efforts on those taxa that are more sensitive to the effects of habitat fragmentation.JO was supported by a Ramón y Cajal Fellowship (RYC-2013-12501) and a research contract funded by Severo Ochoa Program (SEV-2012-0262). VGN is supported by a Forschungskredit of the University of Zurich (FK-14-103). VN is supported by a FPI predoctoral fellowship from Ministerio de Economía y Competitividad. This work received financial support from grants CGL2011-25053 (Ministerio de Economía y Competitividad), PCI08-0130-3954 and POII10-0197-0167 (Junta de Comunidades de Castilla-La Mancha and European Social Fund) and UNCM08-1E-018 (European Regional Development Fund).Peer reviewe

Efecto del gasto público en el nivel de importaciones en Ecuador, período 2000-2020

In the last decade, increasing in public spending in the Ecuadorian economy was notorious, causing different effects on all components of the aggregate supply. This research work aims to measure the effect of public spending in the non-financial sector on the behavior of total imports, taking data from the Central Bank of Ecuador in the period between the third quarter of 2000 and the second quarter of 2020. This analysis was performed using a classical linear regression model based on Ordinary Least Squares (OLS). It was determined that public spending explains the level of imports at 42.92% and in turn, imports show inelastic reactions to public spending.En la última década fue notorio el incremento del gasto público en la economía ecuatoriana causando distintos efectos en todos los componentes de la oferta agregada. Este trabajo de investigación tiene como objetivo medir el efecto del gasto público del sector no financiero en el comportamiento de las importaciones totales tomando datos del Banco Central del Ecuador en el período comprendido entre el tercer trimestre del año 2000 hasta el segundo trimestre del año 2020. Este análisis se realizó  mediante un modelo de regresión lineal clásico en función de Mínimos Cuadrados Ordinarios (MCO). Se determinó que el gasto público explicó al nivel de importaciones en 41,44%. y que a su vez, las importaciones presentan reacciones inelásticas al gasto público

Effect of two different intermediate landfill leachates on the ammonium oxidation rate of non-adapted and adapted nitrifying biomass.i

A widely employed approach to minimize the detrimental effect of landfill leachates (LL) on nitrifying biomass is to adapt it to these contaminated effluents prior to use. In the study reported here the impact of different intermediate landfill leachates (intermediate 1 (ILL1) and intermediate 2 (ILL2)) and synthetic medium (SM) on the nitritation rates of non-adapted and adapted nitrifying biomass were evaluated and modeled. The models, based on previously reported models (Haldane, Edwards and Aiba), considered the effect of three different heavy metals (Cu, Ni and Zn) present in both landfill leachates. The proposed models fitted well with the different biomasses. The highest specific substrate oxidation rate (qS) of the present study (41.85 ± 1.09 mg N–NH4+ g TSS−1 h−1) was obtained by the non-adapted biomass using SM. The non-adapted biomass was characterized by ~5- and ~28-fold higher nitritation rates on using the different ammonium sources tested (SM, ILL1 and ILL2) when compared to the other biomasses adapted to ILL1 (~9 mg N–NH4+ g TSS−1 h−1) and ILL2 (~1.3 mg N–NH4+ g TSS−1 h−1), respectively. The calculated inhibition constants indicate that the inhibitory effect of the heavy metals followed the order Ni>Zn>Cu. The results reported here bring into question the commonly accepted idea that an adaptation period of the biomass is required to treat landfill leachate

Simultaneous removal of ammonium from landfill leachate and hydrogen sulfide from biogas using a novel two-stage oxic-anoxic system

Anoxic biodesulfurization has been achieved in several bioreactor systems that have shown robustness and high elimination capacities (ECs). However, the high operating costs of this technology, which are mainly caused by the high requirements of nitrite or nitrate, make its full-scale application difficult. In the present study, the use of biologically produced nitrate/nitrite by nitrification of two different ammonium substrates, namely synthetic medium and landfill leachate, is proposed as a novel alternative. The results demonstrate the feasibility of using both ammonium substrates as nutrient solutions. A maximum elemental sulfur production of 95 ± 1% and a maximum H2S EC of 141.18 g S-H2S m-3 h-1 (RE = 95.0%) was obtained using landfill leachate as the ammonium source. Next Generation Sequencing (NGS) analysis of the microbial community revealed that the most common genera present in the desulfurizing bioreactor were Sulfurimonas (91.8-50.9%) followed by Thauera (1.1-24.2%) and Lentimicrobium (2.0-9.7%)