Embryo movement is more frequent in avian brood parasites than birds with parental reproductive strategies.

Funder: Tanzanian Commission for Science and TechnologyFunder: Tanzania Wildlife Research InstituteFunder: NERCFunder: National Science FoundationFunder: Ministry of EducationFunder: German Academic Exchange ServiceFunder: University of Cape TownFunder: Max-Planck-GesellschaftMovement of the embryo is essential for musculoskeletal development in vertebrates, yet little is known about whether, and why, species vary. Avian brood parasites exhibit feats of strength in early life as adaptations to exploit the hosts that rear them. We hypothesized that an increase in embryonic movement could allow brood parasites to develop the required musculature for these demands. We measured embryo movement across incubation for multiple brood-parasitic and non-parasitic bird species. Using a phylogenetically controlled analysis, we found that brood parasites exhibited significantly increased muscular movement during incubation compared to non-parasites. This suggests that increased embryo movement may facilitate the development of the stronger musculoskeletal system required for the demanding tasks undertaken by young brood parasites

The development and implementation of a peer-led intervention to prevent smoking among secondary school students using their established social networks

Objective To design, implement and evaluate a peer-led intervention to reduce smoking amongst secondary school students. Design A health promotion intervention combining peer education with diffusion of innovation theory, to be rigorously evaluated by means of a cluster randomised controlled trial with concurrent process and economic evaluations. Setting Year 8 students (12/13 year olds) in 30 secondary schools in south-west England and south Wales. Method Approximately 15 per cent of students, identified by their peers as being influential within the school, were trained to intervene in everyday situations and encourage their fellow students not to smoke. These 'peer supporters' received two days of intensive training from a team of trainers led by professional health educators at training venues and four follow-up sessions back at school. The training aimed to equip the peer supporters with the knowledge, skills and confidence to encourage their peers not to smoke. Results The intervention proved feasible and acceptable to schools. 10,731 Year 8 students were recruited to the trial at baseline. Retention of peer supporters throughout the ten-week intervention period was high. Eighty- two per cent (687 of 835) of students who consented to act as peer supporters completed the programme and fulfilled the role. The average cost per school of delivering the intervention was £4,702. Conclusion The costs of implementing this programme were sizeable but, if effective, it could yield substantial long-term health gains and contribute to a reduction in health inequalities

Fission-gas releases during post-irradiation annealing of UO fuel from WAGR pins of burn-up to 5500 MWd/te U

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