Antibacterial and anti-virulence activity of manuka honey against genetically diverse Staphylococcus pseudintermedius strains

Staphylococcus pseudintermedius causes opportunistic infections in dogs. It also has significant zoonotic potential, with the emergence of multidrug-resistance leading to difficulty treating both animal and human infections. Manuka honey has previously been reported to inhibit many bacterial pathogens including methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus and is successfully utilised in both clinical and veterinary practice. Here we evaluated the ability of manuka honey to inhibit strains of S. pseudintermedius growth alone and in combination with antibiotics, and its capacity to modulate virulence within multiple S. pseudintermedius. All 18 of the genetically diverse S. pseudintermedius strains sequenced and tested were inhibited by ≤ 12% (w/v) medical grade manuka honey, although tolerance to five clinically relevant antibiotics was observed. The susceptibility of the isolates to four of these antibiotics was significantly increased (p ≤0.05) when combined with sub lethal concentrations of honey, although sensitivity to oxacillin was decreased. Virulence (DNase, protease and haemolysin) activity was also significantly reduced (p ≤ 0.05) in over half of isolates when cultured with sub lethal concentrations of honey (13, 9 and 10 isolates respectively). These findings highlight the potential for manuka honey to be utilised against S. pseudintermedius infections. Importance: Staphylococcus pseudintermedius is an important member of the skin microbial community in animals and can cause opportunistic infections in both pets and their owners. The high incidence of antimicrobial resistance in S. pseudintermedius highlights that this opportunistic zoonotic pathogen can cause infections which require prolonged and intensive treatment to resolve. Manuka honey has proven efficacy against many bacterial pathogens and is an accepted topical treatment for infections in both veterinary and clinical practice so is a particularly appropriate antimicrobial for use with zoonotic pathogens such as S. pseudintermedius. Here we demonstrate that manuka honey is not only highly potent against novel multi-drug resistant S. pseudintermedius isolates, but also acts synergistically with clinically relevant antibiotics. In addition, manuka honey modulates S. pseudintermedius virulence activity, even at subinhibitory concentrations. In a clinical setting these attributes may assist in controlling infection, allowing a more rapid resolution and reducing antibiotic use

PUTTING THE PASS IN CLASS: IN-CLASS PEER MENTORING ON CAMPUS AND ONLINE

We analyse the introduction of peer mentors into classrooms to understand how in-class mentoring supports students’ learning in first-year courses. Peer mentors are high-achieving students who have completed the same course previously, and are hired and trained by the university to facilitate Peer Assisted Study Sessions (PASS). PASS sessions give students the opportunity to deepen their understanding through revision and active learning and are typically held outside of class time. In contrast, our trial embedded peer mentors into the classes for Professional Scientific Thinking, a large (~250 students) workshop-based course at the University of Newcastle. Analysis of Blackboard analytics, student responses to Brookfield’s Critical Incident Questionnaire and peer mentors’ journals found that during face-to-face workshops, peer mentors role-modelled ideal student behaviour (e.g. asking questions), rather than act as additional teachers. This helped students new to university to better understand how to interact and learn effectively in class. Moving classes online mid-semester reshaped mentors’ roles, including through the technical aspects of their work and their engagement with students – adaptations that were essential for supporting students to also adapt effectively to changed learning circumstances. This study highlights the benefits of embedding student mentors in classrooms, both on campus and online

Putting the PASS in Class: Peer Mentors’ Identities in Science Workshops on Campus and Online

In this paper, we analyse the introduction of peer mentors into timetabled classes to understand how in-class mentoring supports students’ learning. The peer mentors in this study are high-achieving students who previously completed the same course and who were hired and trained to facilitate Peer Assisted Study Sessions (PASS). PASS gives students the opportunity to deepen their understanding through revision and active learning and are typically held outside of class time. In contrast, our trial embedded peer mentors into classes for a large (~250 students) first-year workshop-based course. We employed a participatory action research methodology to facilitate the peer mentors’ co-creation of the research process. Data sources include peer mentors’ journal entries, student cohort data, and a focus group with teaching staff. We found that during face-to-face workshops, peer mentors role-modelled ideal student behaviour (e.g., asking questions) rather than acting as additional teachers, and this helped students to better understand how to interact effectively in class. The identity of embedded peer mentors is neither that of teachers nor of students, and it instead spans aspects of both as described using a three-part schema comprising (i) identity, (ii) associated roles, and (iii) associated practices. As we moved classes online mid-semester in response to the COVID-19 pandemic, mentors’ identities remained stable, but mentors adjusted their associated roles and practices, including through the technical aspects of their engagement with students. This study highlights the benefits of embedding mentors in classrooms on campus and online

Complement lectin pathway activation is associated with COVID-19 disease severity, independent of MBL2 genotype subgroups

IntroductionWhile complement is a contributor to disease severity in severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infections, all three complement pathways might be activated by the virus. Lectin pathway activation occurs through different pattern recognition molecules, including mannan binding lectin (MBL), a protein shown to interact with SARS-CoV-2 proteins. However, the exact role of lectin pathway activation and its key pattern recognition molecule MBL in COVID-19 is still not fully understood.MethodsWe therefore investigated activation of the lectin pathway in two independent cohorts of SARS-CoV-2 infected patients, while also analysing MBL protein levels and potential effects of the six major single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) found in the MBL2 gene on COVID-19 severity and outcome.ResultsWe show that the lectin pathway is activated in acute COVID-19, indicated by the correlation between complement activation product levels of the MASP-1/C1-INH complex (p=0.0011) and C4d (p<0.0001) and COVID-19 severity. Despite this, genetic variations in MBL2 are not associated with susceptibility to SARS-CoV-2 infection or disease outcomes such as mortality and the development of Long COVID.ConclusionIn conclusion, activation of the MBL-LP only plays a minor role in COVID-19 pathogenesis, since no clinically meaningful, consistent associations with disease outcomes were noted

Are time-space synaesthetes superior at event recall because they are high visual imagers?

Individuals with time-space synaesthesia report experiencing time sequences (e.g. days of the week, months of the year) as explicit spatial structures located either within their mind’s eye or in the space outside their body. These synaesthetes are also recognised by their exceptional ability to recall past events (Simner et al., 2009) and their high visual imagery (Price, 2009). To better understand the relationship between time-space synaesthesia and visual imagery, we tested visual imagery (Object-Spatial Imagery Questionnaire; Blajenkova et al., 2006) and memory for past events (Edinburgh [Public and Autobiographical] Events Battery; Simner et al., 2009) in 67 non-synaesthetes. Object imagery correlated positively with the recall of autobiographical events; further investigation revealed that it is specifically involved in remembering the content, rather than the dates of memories. We then compared the EEB scores of our high object imagery non-synaesthetes to those of the synaesthetes in Simner et al. (2009). We found the latter group remembered yet more personal memories in a shorter period of time. It is likely that their superior memory for events (Simner et al., 2009) is due in part to their high imagery but also to retrieval strategies involving their explicit visuo-spatial forms. We conclude that although high visual imagery may give superior event recall, it may not be sufficient to account for the exceptional memories of time-space synaesthetes

Electrophysiological, cognitive and clinical profiles of at -risk mental state : the longitudinal Minds in Transition (MinT) study

The onset of schizophrenia is typically preceded by a prodromal period lasting several years during which sub-threshold symptoms may be identified retrospectively. Clinical interviews are currently used to identify individuals who have an ultra-high risk (UHR) of developing a psychotic illness with a view to provision of interventions that prevent, delay or reduce severity of future mental health issues. The utility of bio-markers as an adjunct in the identification of UHR individuals is not yet established. Several event-related potential measures, especially mismatch-negativity (MMN), have been identified as potential biomarkers for schizophrenia. In this 12-month longitudinal study, demographic, clinical and neurocognitive data were acquired from 103 UHR and 65 healthy controls, of whom 81 UHR and 61 controls provided valid EEG data during passive and active auditory tasks at baseline. Despite widespread differences between UHR and controls on other measures [JT1], ERPs did not differ between these groups. MMN amplitude was modulated by age and the effects of cannabis, which is recognized as a risk factor for development of psychosis. Of 67 UHR at the 12-month follow-up, 7 (10%) had transitioned to a psychotic illness. The statistical power to detect differences between those who did or did not transition was limited by the lower than expected transition rate. ERPs did not predict transition, with trends in the opposite direction to that predicted. In exploratory analysis, the strongest predictors of transition were measures of verbal memory and subjective emotional disturbance. This study’s findings suggest caution is required when interpreting recent reports of reduced MMN and P3b in UHR groups. These findings are consistent with indications that abnormalities in these components are indicators of biological changes associated with illness onset as opposed to general vulnerability factors.1 page(s

Comparison of UHR sub-groups’ ERPs for the Passive Auditory Task.

<p>Comparison of UHR sub-groups’ ERPs for the Passive Auditory Task.</p

Key demographic measures contrasting UHR and controls at baseline.

<p>Key demographic measures contrasting UHR and controls at baseline.</p

Comparison of Control and UHR Groups.

<p>ERP waveforms for the passive auditory task at baseline contrasting the response from the Control and UHR groups.</p