The Role of Social Perspective-Taking in Developing Students\u27 Leadership Capacities

This study examined relationships between social perspective-taking (SPT) and the individual, group, and societal domains of socially responsible leadership. SPT is a higher-order cognitive skill linked to moral development and social coordination, but never empirically connected to leadership development. Analyses determined SPT has a strong direct effect on group-level leadership values and an indirect effect on societallevel leadership values. Results offer critical new insights into directionality in the social change model

Eggshell pigment composition covaries with phylogeny but not with life history or with nesting ecology traits of British passerines

No single hypothesis is likely to explain the diversity in eggshell coloration and patterning across birds, suggesting that eggshell appearance is most likely to have evolved to fulfill many nonexclusive functions. By controlling for nonindependent phylogenetic associations between related species, we describe this diversity using museum eggshells of 71 British breeding passerine species to examine how eggshell pigment composition and concentrations vary with phylogeny and with life-history and nesting ecology traits. Across species, concentrations of biliverdin and protoporphyrin, the two main pigments found in eggshells, were strongly and positively correlated, and both pigments strongly covaried with phylogenetic relatedness. Controlling for phylogeny, cavity-nesting species laid eggs with lower protoporphyrin concentrations in the shell, while higher biliverdin concentrations were associated with thicker eggshells for species of all nest types. Overall, these relationships between eggshell pigment concentrations and the biology of passerines are similar to those previously found in nonpasserine eggs, and imply that phylogenetic dependence must be considered across the class in further explanations of the functional significance of avian eggshell coloration

Global biogeographic patterns of avian morphological diversity

Understanding the biogeographical patterns, and evolutionary and environmental drivers, underpinning morphological diversity are key for determining its origins and conservation. Using a comprehensive set of continuous morphological traits extracted from museum collections of 8353 bird species, including geometric morphometric beak shape data, we find that avian morphological diversity is unevenly distributed globally, even after controlling for species richness, with exceptionally dense packing of species in hyper-diverse tropical hotspots. At the regional level, these areas also have high morphological variance, with species exhibiting high phenotypic diversity. Evolutionary history likely plays a key role in shaping these patterns, with evolutionarily old species contributing to niche expansion, and young species contributing to niche packing. Taken together, these results imply that the tropics are both ‘cradles’ and ‘museums’ of phenotypic diversity

Eggshell pigment composition covaries with phylogeny

No single hypothesis is likely to explain the diversity in eggshell coloration and patterning across birds, suggesting that eggshell appearance is most likely to have evolved to fulfill many nonexclusive functions. By controlling for nonindependent phylogenetic associations between related species, we describe this diversity using museum eggshells of 71 British breeding passerine species to examine how eggshell pigment composition and concentrations vary with phylogeny and with life-history and nesting ecology traits. Across species, concentrations of biliverdin and protoporphyrin, the two main pigments found in eggshells, were strongly and positively correlated, and both pigments strongly covaried with phylogenetic relatedness. Controlling for phylogeny, cavity-nesting species laid eggs with lower protoporphyrin concentrations in the shell, while higher biliverdin concentrations were associated with thicker eggshells for species of all nest types. Overall, these relationships between eggshell pigment concentrations and the biology of passerines are similar to those previously found in nonpasserine eggs, and imply that phylogenetic dependence must be considered across the class in further explanations of the functional significance of avian eggshell coloration

Chemohormonal Therapy in Metastatic Hormone-Sensitive Prostate Cancer: Long-Term Survival Analysis of the Randomized Phase III E3805 CHAARTED Trial

Purpose Docetaxel added to androgen-deprivation therapy (ADT) significantly increases the longevity of some patients with metastatic hormone-sensitive prostate cancer. Herein, we present the outcomes of the CHAARTED (Chemohormonal Therapy Versus Androgen Ablation Randomized Trial for Extensive Disease in Prostate Cancer) trial with more mature follow-up and focus on tumor volume. Patients and Methods In this phase III study, 790 patients with metastatic hormone-sensitive prostate cancer were equally randomly assigned to receive either ADT in combination with docetaxel 75 mg/mm2 for up to six cycles or ADT alone. The primary end point of the study was overall survival (OS). Additional analyses of the prospectively defined low- and high-volume disease subgroups were performed. High-volume disease was defined as presence of visceral metastases and/or ≥ four bone metastases with at least one outside of the vertebral column and pelvis. Results At a median follow-up of 53.7 months, the median OS was 57.6 months for the chemohormonal therapy arm versus 47.2months for ADT alone (hazard ratio [HR], 0.72; 95% CI, 0.59 to 0.89; P = .0018). For patients with high-volume disease (n = 513), the median OS was 51.2 months with chemohormonal therapy versus 34.4 months with ADT alone (HR, 0.63; 95% CI, 0.50 to 0.79; P \u3c .001). For those with low-volume disease (n = 277), no OS benefit was observed (HR, 1.04; 95% CI, 0.70 to 1.55; P = .86). Conclusion The clinical benefit from chemohormonal therapy in prolonging OS was confirmed for patients with high-volume disease; however, for patients with low-volume disease, no OS benefit was discerned

‘Playing’ with Evidence: combining creative co-design methods with realist evidence synthesis

Breaking the cycle of declining physical function and physical activity can improve health and independence for people with long-term conditions. Services within primary care are well placed to empower individuals and communities to achieve this. However, the best approach is uncertain, and must consider needs of people with long-term conditions and complexities of service delivery. This study aimed to understand how to reduce decline in physical function and physical activity in people with long-term conditions. We used realist methods integrated with co-design to provide an explanatory account of what works (or does not), for whom and in what circumstances, to generate ideas about service innovation, and provide recommendations for primary care. A key aspect was tracking evidence from different sources, presenting it creatively by converting it into physical games, enabling stakeholders to ‘play with’ and make-sense of it, to inform co-design work, enabling them to draw upon their own experiences and a wider understanding. In this article, we focus on the game activities, adding to the co-design games’ literature and suggest that this expands participants’ knowledge base beyond their experiences, empowering them to contribute more to the process and creating a strong link between the realist and co-design methods

AVONET: Morphological, ecological and geographical data for all birds

Functional traits offer a rich quantitative framework for developing and testing theories in evolutionary biology, ecology and ecosystem science. However, the potential of functional traits to drive theoretical advances and refine models of global change can only be fully realised when species-level information is complete. Here we present the AVONET dataset containing comprehensive functional trait data for all birds, including six ecological variables, 11 continuous morphological traits, and information on range size and location. Raw morphological measurements are presented from 90,020 individuals of 11,009 extant bird species sampled from 181 countries. These data are also summarised as species averages in three taxonomic formats, allowing integration with a global phylogeny, geographical range maps, IUCN Red List data and the eBird citizen science database. The AVONET dataset provides the most detailed picture of continuous trait variation for any major radiation of organisms, offering a global template for testing hypotheses and exploring the evolutionary origins, structure and functioning of biodiversity.Fil: Tobias, Joseph A.. Imperial College London; Reino Unido. University of Oxford; Reino UnidoFil: Sheard, Catherine. University of Oxford; Reino Unido. University of Bristol; Reino UnidoFil: Pigot, Alex L.. University of Oxford; Reino Unido. University College London; Estados UnidosFil: Devenish, Adam J. M.. Imperial College London; Reino UnidoFil: Yang, Jingyi. Imperial College London; Reino UnidoFil: Sayol, Ferran. University College London; Estados UnidosFil: Neate Clegg, Montague H. C.. University of Oxford; Reino Unido. University of Utah; Estados UnidosFil: Alioravainen, Nico. University of Oxford; Reino Unido. Natural Resources Institute Finland; FinlandiaFil: Weeks, Thomas L.. Imperial College London; Reino Unido. Natural History Museum; Reino UnidoFil: Barber, Robert A.. Imperial College London; Reino UnidoFil: Walkden, Patrick A.. Imperial College London; Reino Unido. Natural History Museum; Reino UnidoFil: MacGregor, Hannah E. A.. University of Oxford; Reino Unido. University of Bristol; Reino UnidoFil: Jones, Samuel E. I.. University of Oxford; Reino Unido. University of London; Reino UnidoFil: Vincent, Claire. Organización de Las Naciones Unidas; ArgentinaFil: Phillips, Anna G.. Senckenberg Biodiversity And Climate Research Centre; AlemaniaFil: Marples, Nicola M.. Trinity College; Estados UnidosFil: Montaño Centellas, Flavia A.. Universidad Mayor de San Andrés; Bolivia. University of Florida; Estados UnidosFil: Leandro Silva, Victor. Universidade Federal de Pernambuco; BrasilFil: Claramunt, Santiago. University of Toronto; Canadá. Royal Ontario Museum; CanadáFil: Darski, Bianca. Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul; BrasilFil: Freeman, Benjamin G.. University of British Columbia; CanadáFil: Bregman, Tom P.. University of Oxford; Reino Unido. Future-Fit Foundation; Reino UnidoFil: Cooney, Christopher R.. University Of Sheffield; Reino UnidoFil: Hughes, Emma C.. University Of Sheffield; Reino UnidoFil: Capp, Elliot J. R.. University Of Sheffield; Reino UnidoFil: Varley, Zoë K.. University Of Sheffield; Reino Unido. Natural History Museum; Reino UnidoFil: Friedman, Nicholas R.. Okinawa Institute of Science and Technology Graduate University; JapónFil: Korntheuer, Heiko. Johannes Gutenberg Universitat Mainz; AlemaniaFil: Corrales Vargas, Andrea. Universidad Nacional de Costa Rica; Costa RicaFil: García, Natalia Cristina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Oficina de Coordinación Administrativa Parque Centenario. Museo Argentino de Ciencias Naturales "Bernardino Rivadavia"; Argentin