136 research outputs found

    Aproximación pragmática a los conceptos de acto de habla y de acción comunicativa

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    Resumen La pragmática es la disciplina lingüística que estudia el lenguaje en su uso y en la acción en que ocurre. Aquí se evidencia una clara relación entre acción y lenguaje, por cuanto el uso del lenguaje en la comunicación se concibe como un tipo particular de acción que se manifiesta a través de actos de habla. Estos no solo designan acciones, las realizan al designarlas. Gracias a ellos se materializa la posibilidad de hablar. Para la pragmática, los elementos extralingüísticos desempeñan un papel importante en la interpretación de cualquier evento comunicativo real, pues existe una distancia entre lo que decimos literalmente y lo que realmente queremos decir. En ese sentido, su objeto de estudio son los actos de habla y no las oraciones. Palabras clave: pragmática, actos de habla, acción comunicativa. Pragmatic approach to the concepts of act of speech and communicative action Abstract Pragmatics is the linguistic discipline that studies language in its use and in the action in which it happens. A clear relationship is evident here between action and language, insofar as the use of language in communication is conceived as a particular kind of action that manifests itself through acts of speech. These do not only designate actions; they realize them by designating them. Thanks to them, the possibility of speaking is materialized. For pragmatics, the extralinguistic elements play an important role in the interpretation of any real communicative event, since there is a distance between what is said literally and what is meant. In this sense, the object of study of pragmatics is acts of speech and not sentences. Keywords: pragmatics, acts of speech, communicative action. Approximation pragmatique aux concepts de acte de parole et action communicative Résumé La pragmatique est la branche de la linguistique qui s’intéresse au langage au contexte de son usage et de l’action où il a lieu. Dès lors, le rapport entre action et langage et mis nettement en évidence puisque l’utilisation du langage dans la communication est conçue comme un mode particulier d’action qui se manifeste par des actes de parole. Ceux-ci ne désignent pas seulement des actions mais les réalisent en les désignant. C’est grâce à eux que la possibilité de parler se matérialise. Les éléments extralinguistiques ont une fonction importante dans l’interprétation de n’importe quel événement communicatif réel, car il y a une distance entre ce que nous disons littéralement et ce que l’on a voulu dire réellement. En ce sens, l’objet d’étude de la pragmatique sont les actes de parole et non pas les phrases. Mots-clés: pragmatique, actes de parole, action communicative

    Algunas ideas posmodernas acerca del lenguaje

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    El siglo xx se caracteriza por la importancia que se le da al lenguaje no solo porque origina nuestros actos, sino porque a partir de él construimos nuestro mundo y nuestra convicción de lo que es real. Los estudiosos del lenguaje y los filósofos del pensamiento posmoderno le dan mayor importancia a la subjetividad, así como a la estrecha relación entre comunicación y realidad; se inclinan además por ideas y posturas menos universalistas -propias de la modernidad y del léxico de la metafísica- y se interesan, en cambio, por fenómenos particulares del lenguaje cotidiano tales como el contextualismo, el pragmatismo, la intención de hablante, los usos del lenguaje, la polisemia, la no neutralidad del lenguaje, su plasticidad, los usos metafóricos, la inferencia, la búsqueda del sentido; fenómenos todos del denominado giro lingüístico

    Aprendamos a aprender

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    La unidad hace parte de la serie aprendamos a aprender en la que se describe la estructura de las cartillas, unidades que la componen, objetivos de las unidades y se describe brevemente los contenidos de cada unidad asociadas a las temáticas de aprendizaje, métodos y prácticas de aprendizajeThe unit is part of the series learn to learn in which the structure of the primers is described, units that compose it, objectives of the units and briefly describes the contents of each unit associated with the learning topics, methods and practices of learning65 página

    Consumo de tabaco en cinco ciudades de Colombia, Encuesta Mundial de Tabaquismo en Jóvenes, 2007

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    Introduction. The consumption of tobacco is a public health problem around the world. In Colombia, each year approximately 17,000 deaths are attributed to smoking. The monitoring of tobacco consumption is necessary to estimate population risk for chronic diseases and cancer.Objective. The prevalence of smoking was estimated and factors assessed that influence the use of tobacco among youths.Materials and methods. The survey was implemented by the Colombian National Cancer Institute in 2007, in public and private schools located in 5 cities in Colombia. The survey was anonymous, voluntary and self-processed by students 13 to 15 years of age and the participants selected by a multi-stage sampling process. Statistical analysis was performed with SUDAAN software. Differences in proportions were considered statistically significant at the p<0.05 level.Results. The average age of onset for tobacco consumption in the five cities was 11.9 years. The prevalence of cigarette smoking varied between 7.4% and 34.1% among the cities and susceptibility to initiate smoking among non smokers was between 12.3% to 32.0%. Between 40% and 60% of students were exposed to secondhand smoke in public places. Approximately 70% were exposed to indirect tobacco advertising. Between 40% and 69% of students who currently smoke cigarettes reported that they wanted to stop smoking. Approximately 80% of students who currently smoke cigarettes were not refused when they purchased cigarettes in a store or supermarket. Finally, 34% to 54% of students reported having been taught in school about the harmful effects of smoking.Conclusions. The high prevalence of consumption in four of the five cities suggested interventions that aim primarily at prevention components, smoke-free spaces and advertising control.Introducción. El consumo de tabaco es un problema de salud pública en el mundo. En Colombia se le atribuyen más de 17.000 muertes al año. Es necesario vigilar este factor de riesgo prevenible para las enfermedades crónicas y el cáncer.Objetivo. Estimar la prevalencia de tabaquismo y de otros factores que influyen en el uso de tabaco, en cinco ciudades de Colombia.Materiales y métodos. La encuesta fue implementaba por el Instituto Nacional de Cancerología en 2007, en colegios públicos y privados; fue anónima, voluntaria y autodiligenciada por estudiantes de 13 a 15 años, seleccionados por muestreo bietápico por conglomerados. El análisis estadístico se realizó con el software SUDAAN. Se consideraron diferencias estadísticamente significativas si p era menor de 0,05).Resultados. La edad promedio de inicio en el consumo de tabaco en las cinco ciudades fue de 11,9 años. La prevalencia del consumo de cigarrillo estuvo entre 7,4% y 34,1%; el riesgo de inicio entre los no fumadores estuvo entre 12,3% y 32%. Entre 40% y 60% de los estudiantes estuvieron expuestos a humo ambiental de tabaco en lugares públicos y alrededor de 70% estuvieron expuestos a publicidad de tabaco. Entre 40% y 69% quieren dejar de fumar. Aproximadamente, 80% consigue cigarrillos en una tienda o supermercado, sin interesar la edad. Entre 34% y 54% recibieron información en los colegios sobre los peligros de fumar.Conclusiones. Las altas prevalencias del consumo en cuatro de las cinco ciudades sugieren intervenciones dirigidas principalmente a los componentes de prevención, espacios libres de humo y control de la publicidad

    Time trends in educational inequalities in cancer mortality in Colombia, 1998-2012

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    Objectives: To evaluate trends in premature cancer mortality in Colombia by educational level in three periods: 1998-2002 with low healthcare insurance coverage, 2003-2007 with rapidly increasing coverage and finally 2008-2012 with almost universal coverage (2008-2012). Setting: Colombian population-based, national secondary mortality data. Participants: We included all (n=188 091) cancer deaths occurring in the age group 20-64 years between 1998 and 2012, excluding only cases with low levels of quality of registration (n=2902, 1.5%). Primary and secondary outcome measures: In this descriptive study, we linked mortality data of ages 20-64 years to census data to obtain age-standardised cancer mortality rates by educational level. Using Poisson regression, we modelled premature mortality by educational level estimating rate ratios (RR), relative index of inequality (RII) and the Slope Index of Inequality (SII). Results: Relative measures showed increased risks of dying among the lower educated compared to the highest educated; this tendency was stronger in women (RRprimary1.49; RRsecondary1.22, both p<0.0001) than in men (RRprimary 1.35; RRsecondary 1.11, both p<0.0001). In absolute terms (SII), cancer caused a difference per 100 000 deaths between the highest and lowest educated of 20.5 in males and 28.5 in females. RII was significantly higher among women and the younger age categories. RII decreased between the first and second periods; afterwards (2008-2012), it increased significantly back to their previous levels. Among women, no significant increases or declines in cancer mortality over time were observed in recent periods in the lowest educated group, whereas strong recent declines were observed in those with secondary education or higher. Conclusions: Educational inequalities in cancer mortality in Colombia are increasing in absolute and relative terms, and are concentrated in young age categories. This trend was not curbed by increases in healthcare insurance coverage. Policymakers should focus on improving equal access to prevention, early detection, diagnostic and treatment facilities

    Supervivencia al cáncer de mama y cervix en el Instituto Nacional de Cancerología, Colombia

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    Objetivo: Describir las estimaciones de supervivencia global a dos años para mama (mujeres) y cuello uterino en tres cohortes (tratadas por primera vez en 2007, 2010, 2012) en el Instituto Nacional de Cancerología de Colombia. Métodos: Se incluyeron las pacientes tratadas por primera vez en el Instituto Nacional de Cancerología por cáncer de mama y de cuello uterino en los años 2007, 2010, y 2012, y quienes no habían tenido un diagnóstico previo de otro cáncer. Se cruzaron las bases de datos del registro hospitalario de cáncer con las gubernamentales para obtener información de seguimiento de los casos. Se estimó la probabilidad de sobrevivir a 24 meses a partir de la fecha de ingreso mediante el método de Kaplan-Meier. Se aplicó la prueba de rango logarítmico para evaluar las diferencias entre los grupos. Resultados: Se analizaron 1,928 casos de cáncer de mama y 1,189 de cuello uterino. La estimación de la supervivencia global a 24 meses para mama fue 79.6% (IC 95% 77.8-81.4) y de 63.3% (IC 95% 60.6-66.0) para cuello uterino, no se observaron tendencias en supervivencia con el año de ingreso. En los estadios clínicos avanzados la supervivencia global disminuyó en estadio clínico IV, tanto para cáncer de mama, 32.2% (IC 95% 28.4-44.0), como para cuello uterino 22.6% (IC 95% 11,4; 33,8). Conclusiones: El cáncer de mama presentó mejor supervivencia en el Instituto Nacional de Cancerología frente al cáncer de cuello uterino. La supervivencia global se comportó de manera estable con los años para ambos tipos de cáncer.Q3Q3Artículo original102-108Objective: to provide and compare estimations of two-year overall survival for cervical and female breast cancer in three cohorts (first treated in 2007, 2010, 2012) at the Instituto Nacional de Cancerología of Colombia Methods: All patients first treated at the Instituto Nacional de Cancerología for breast or cervical cancer in the years 2007, 2010, 2012, without a prior cancer diagnosis, were included for the study. The hospital-based cancer registry was crosslinked with governmental databases to obtain follow-up information on all patients. Probability of surviving 24 months since the date of entry at the hospital was estimated using Kaplan-Meier methods, using the log-rank test to evaluate differences between groups. Results: We analyzed 1,928 breast cancer cases and 1,189 cervical cancer cases, resulting in an overall survival probability at 24 months of 79.6% (95% CI: 77.8-81.4) for BC and of 63.3% (95% CI: 60.6- 66.0) for cervical cancer, there were no differences in survival for year of entry. Advanced clinical stage substantial affected overall survival, being 32.2% (95% CI: 28.4-44.0) for stage IV breast cancer and 22.6% (95% CI: 11.4-33.8) for stage IV cervical cancer. Conclusions: Breast cancer was the cancer with the best survival at Instituto Nacional de Cancerología; cervical cancer the one with the lowest survival. Overall survival did not change over the years for any of the cancers

    Oral and oropharyngeal cancer in Colombia : an experience in a middle-income country cancer institute (2004-2013)

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    Artículo original19-26Abstract Aims To provide demographical and clinical characteristics and estimations of 2-year overall survival (OS) of oral and oropharyngeal cancer (OOC) patients treated in the Colombian National Cancer Institute (INC) between 2004 and 2013. Methods All 1108 patients frst treated at INC for OOC in the three periods, without a prior cancer diagnosis, were included in this study. The INC hospital-based cancer registry was cross-linked with governmental databases to obtain follow-up information on all patients. Probability of surviving 24 months since the date of entry at INC was estimated using Kaplan–Meier methods, using the log-rank test to evaluate diferences between groups. In order to evaluate the relative efect of age, sex, clinical stage, anatomical site and type of health insurance on survival, we constructed a multivariate Cox proportional hazard model. Results The overall survival probability at 24 months was 48.2% (95% CI 45.3; 51.1), which was stable over time. Advanced age and clinical stage substantially afected overall survival, being 30.3% (95% CI 25.2; 35.4) for age > 70 and 34.7% (95% CI 29.4; 40.0) for stage IV disease. Hazard ratios were signifcantly higher for patients aged 70 and over [HR 1.99 (95% CI 1.41–2.79)] and advanced stage cancers [HR 2.16 (95% CI 1.55–3.01)], whereas patients with cancers of the tonsils or salivary glands had a strongly reduced risks compared to tongue and oral cavity cancer [HR 0.56 (95% CI 0.43–0.72)]. Conclusions Oral and oropharyngeal cancer has a very poor prognosis which was stable over time. Considering the late stage at diagnosis, much can be gained by improving early detection and treatment

    A avaliação docente universitária: desafios e possibilidades

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    In this paper we present the results of a research on the perceptions of students and teachers about the teacher evaluation required of students every semester. A qualitative methodology was used by means of a focus group interview. Results show that both teachers and students feel uncomfortable with the evaluation; this discomfort is reflected on low levels of participation and receptivity of the information provided by the evaluation forms and a general lack of motivation regarding this process. As a conclusion, it is worth noting the need to contrast the teacher evaluations with a self-evaluation of both the teacher and the student, to reconcile the expectations of teachers and students about the evaluation, and to undertake pedagogical processes with the teachers and students in order to become aware of the importance of evaluation.En este artículo se presentan los resultados de una investigación en torno a las percepciones que tienen estudiantes y profesores acerca de la evaluación que semestralmente realizan los estudiantes a los docentes. Se utilizó una metodología cualitativa a través de una entrevista a grupos focales. Los resultados muestran que se siente malestar frente a la evaluación tanto de parte de profesores como de estudiantes; dicho malestar se refleja en bajos niveles de participación y receptividad de los datos que los formularios de evaluación aportan y una desmotivación generalizada hacia este proceso. Como conclusiones importantes se destaca la necesidad de contrastar las evaluaciones docentes con una autoevaluación tanto del profesor como del estudiante, conciliar las expectativas de docentes y alumnos frente a la evaluación, emprender procesos pedagógicos con profesores y estudiantes para tomar conciencia de la importancia de la evaluación.Neste artigo apresentamos os resultados de uma pesquisa em torno das percepções dos estudantes e professores sobre a avaliação semestral realizada sobre os docentes. Utilizamos uma metodologia qualitativa através de uma entrevista a grupos focais. Os resultados assinalam que a avaliação gera desconforto tanto nos professores quanto nos estudantes; esse desconforto está refletido nos baixos níveis de participação e receptividade dos dados que as fichas de avaliação coletam, além de uma evidente desmotivação em geral durante este processo. Como conclusões importantes destacamos a necessidade de contrastar as avaliações docentes com uma autoavaliação tanto do professor quanto do estudante, conciliar as expectativas de professores e alunos perante a avaliação, assim como empreender processos pedagógicos com professores e estudantes para uma tomada de consciência sobre a importância da avaliação

    Palabras a la profesora ana cristina gómez

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    El equipo de Forma y Función lamenta profundamente la pérdida de la profesora Ana Cristina Gómez, quien formó parte de la comunidad universitaria como estudiante, profesora e integrante del equipo administrativo de la Universidad Nacional de Colombia. En su memoria, reproducimos las palabras de la profesora Constanza Moya Pardo y del profesor Rubén Darío Flórez con motivo de tan infortunado suceso
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