1,134 research outputs found
Socioeconomic risk, parenting during the preschool years and child health age 6 years
Parentâchild relationships and parenting processes are emerging as potential life course
determinants of health. Parenting is socially patterned and could be one of the factors responsible for
the negative effects of social inequalities on health, both in childhood and adulthood. This study tests
the hypothesis that some of the effect of socioeconomic risk on health in mid childhood is transmitted
via early parenting. Methods: Prospective cohort study in 10 USA communities involving 1041 mother/
child pairs, selected at birth at random with conditional sampling. Exposures: income, maternal
education, maternal age, lone parenthood, ethnic status and objective assessments of mother child
interaction in the first 4 years of life covering warmth, negativity and positive control. Outcomes:
motherâs report of childâs health in general at 6 years. Modelling: multiple regression analyses with
statistical testing of mediational processes. Results: All five indicators of socioeconomic status (SES) were
correlated with all three measures of parenting, such that low SES was associated with poor parenting.
Among the measures of parenting maternal warmth was independently predictive of future health, and
among the socioeconomic variables maternal education, partner presence and âother ethnic groupâ
proved predictive. Measures of parenting significantly mediated the impact of measures of SES on child
health. Conclusions: Parenting mediates some, but not all of the detectable effects of socioeconomic
risk on health in childhood. As part of a package of measures that address other determinants,
interventions to support parenting are likely to make a useful contribution to reducing childhood
inequalities in health
Judging the impact of leadership-development activities on school practice
The nature and effectiveness of professional-development activities should be judged in a way that takes account of
both the achievement of intended outcomes and the unintended consequences that may result. Our research project set out to create a robust approach that school staff members could use to assess the impact of
professional-development programs on leadership and management practice without being constrained in this judgment by the stated aims of the program. In the process,
we identified a number of factors and requirements relevant to a wider audience than that concerned with the development of leadership and management in England.
Such an assessment has to rest upon a clear understanding of educational leadership,a clearly articulated model of practice, and a clear model of potential forms of impact.
Such foundations, suitably adapted to the subject being addressed, are appropriate for assessing all teacher professional development
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Assessing Neuronal and Astrocyte Derived Exosomes From Individuals With Mild Traumatic Brain Injury for Markers of Neurodegeneration and Cytotoxic Activity.
Mild traumatic brain injury (mTBI) disproportionately affects military service members and is very difficult to diagnose. To-date, there is currently no blood-based, diagnostic biomarker for mTBI cases with persistent post concussive symptoms. To examine the potential of neuronally-derived (NDE) and astrocytic-derived (ADE) exosome cargo proteins as biomarkers of chronic mTBI in younger adults, we examined plasma exosomes from a prospective longitudinal study of combat-related risk and resilience, marine resiliency study II (MRSII). After return from a combat-deployment participants were interviewed to assess TBI exposure while on deployment. Plasma exosomes from military service members with mTBI (mean age, 21.7 years, n = 19, avg. days since injury 151), and age-matched, controls (deployed service members who did not endorse a deployment-related TBI or a pre-deployment history of TBI; mean age, 21.95 years, n = 20) were precipitated and enriched against a neuronal adhesion protein, L1-CAM, and an astrocyte marker, glutamine aspartate transporter (GLAST) using magnetic beads to immunocapture the proteins and subsequently selected by fluorescent activated cell sorting (FACS). Extracted protein cargo from NDE and ADE preparations were quantified for protein levels implicated in TBI neuropathology by standard ELISAs and on the ultra-sensitive single molecule assay (Simoa) platform. Plasma NDE and ADE levels of AÎČ42 were significantly higher while plasma NDE and ADE levels of the postsynaptic protein, neurogranin (NRGN) were significantly lower in participants endorsing mTBI exposure compared to controls with no TBI history. Plasma NDE and ADE levels of AÎČ40, total tau, and neurofilament light (NFL), P-T181-tau, P-S396-tau were either undetectable or not significantly different between the two groups. In an effort to understand the pathogenetic potential of NDE and ADE cargo proteins, neuron-like cultures were treated with NDE and ADE preparations from TBI and non-TBI groups. Lastly, we determined that plasma NDE but not ADE cargo proteins from mTBI samples were found to be toxic to neuron-like recipient cells in vitro. These data support the presence of markers of neurodegeneration in NDEs of mTBI and suggest that these NDEs can be used as tools to identify pathogenic mechanisms of TBI
Anterior communicating artery complex aneurysms: anatomic characteristics as predictors of surgical outcome in 300 cases
OBJECTIVE
Anterior communicating artery (ACoA) complex aneurysms are challenging to treat microsurgically. The authors report their experience with microsurgical treatment of ACoA aneurysms and examine the anatomic characteristics of these aneurysms as predictors of outcome.
METHODS
The authors queried their institutionâs aneurysm database for records of consecutive patients treated for ACoA aneurysms via microsurgical clip ligation. Data included patient demographics and clinical/radiographic presentation characteristics as well as operative techniques. Glasgow outcome scores (GOS) at hospital discharge and 6-month as well as 1-year follow-up were analyzed.
RESULTS
Of 319 ACoA aneurysms that underwent treatment, 259 were ruptured and 60 were unruptured. Average GOS at 1-year follow-up for all patients was 4.6. Average GOS for patients with ruptured aneurysms correlated with Hunt and Hess grade at presentation, presence of frontal hemorrhages, and need for multiple clips during surgery. Notably, 142 (44.5%) of aneurysms originated mainly from the ACoA artery; 12 (3.8%) primarily from the A1 branch; 3 (0.9%) from the A2 branch; and 162 (50.8%) from the A1/A2 junction. Aneurysm projection was superior in 118 (37%), inferior in 106 (33.2%), anterior in 88 (27.6%), and posterior in 7 (2.2%). Patients with aneurysms originating from the A1 segment had worse outcomes. Posteriorly-projecting aneurysms were more likely to be unruptured and larger than other aneurysm configurations.
CONCLUSIONS
The aneurysmâs exact location in relation to the adjacent neurovascular structures is potentially predictive of outcomes in the microsurgical treatment of ACoA aneurysms
Individual leader to interdependent leadership: A case study in leadership development and tripartite evaluation
This article is available open access through the publisherâs website at the link below. Copyright @ 2013 Sage Publications.The Problem - In this case study we see a move away from orthodox views of school leadership as âheadshipâ to a more contemporary model of educational leadership wherein we note a departure from functional, curricula-based school leadership toward more human resource development (HRD) approaches. The aim of this study was to consider the effectiveness of an educational development program for middle leaders within an educational establishment.
The Solution - We examined the impact of a bespoke higher education leadership development intervention in Leadership (and Change) on the formation and cohesiveness of a newly formed innovative leadership structure.
The Stakeholders - The leadership development intervention was designed through a tripartite collaboration including a university, senior school leaders, and staff. The intervention was designed to shift leadership from individual leader agency to interdependent human leadership agency. Through tripartite evaluation we uncover leadership development praxis that transcends the boundaries of conventional educational leadership and reemphasizes the benefits of bridging the academic/practitioner divide and the application of theory to praxis
Relação treinador-atleta e exercĂcio da liderança no desporto: a percepção de treinadores de alta competição
Neste artigo apresentamos os resultados de quatro entrevistas levadas a cabo com treinadores de alta competição portugueses, onde se procurou recolher informaçÔes sobre as competĂȘncias necessĂĄrias para exercer a actividade de treinador, os princĂpios e filosofia adoptada no trabalho, as principais ĂĄreas de exercĂcio da liderança e os valores defendidos na modalidade e na prĂĄtica profissional. Os resultados permitiram verificar um acordo quanto Ă importĂąncia de possuĂrem boas competĂȘncias conceptuais e pessoais, princĂpios claros e aceites pelos atletas, boas condiçÔes de trabalho e atletas com qualidade para a alta competição. Paralelamente, foi evidente a complexidade de tarefas assumidas na orientação dos atletas (nove dimensĂ”es do exercĂcio da liderança). Por Ășltimo, Ă© de salientar a importĂąncia dada Ă obtenção dos resultados competitivos (objectivo principal) em conjunto com a anĂĄlise satisfatĂłria do trabalho realizado e a valorização do desenvolvimento pessoal, tanto no treinador como nos atletas (objectivos âperifĂ©ricosâ).Coach-athlete relationship and leadership practice: the perceptions of four high level competition coaches.
On this article we present the results on interviewing four high level competition Portuguese coaches. The
aim was to look for information on the essential coaching competences, the working principles and philosophy,
the main leadership exercise areas and the defended values on sports and professional practice. The results
showed the relevancy of gathering good conceptual and personal competencies, clear and accepted principals,
good working conditions and qualified athletes. Also evident were the complex tasks assumed on guiding the
athletes (nine leadership exercise dimensions were found). Finally, it is essential to point out the importance
given to obtaining sporting results (main goal) as well as the satisfactory working analyses and the value given
to coachesâ and athletesâ self-development (side goals).(undefined
Governance tools for board members : adapting strategy maps and balanced scorecards for directorial action
The accountability of members of the board of directors of publicly traded companies has increased over years. Corresponding to these developments, there has been an inadequate advancement of tools and frameworks to help directorial functioning. This paper provides an argument for design of the Balanced Scorecard and Strategy Maps made available to the directors as a means of influencing, monitoring, controlling and assisting managerial action. This paper examines how the Balanced Scorecard and Strategy Maps could be modified and used for this purpose. The paper suggests incorporating Balanced Scorecards in the Internal Process perspective, âinternalâ implying here not just âinternal to the firmâ, but also âinternal to the inter-organizational systemâ. We recommend that other such factors be introduced separately under a new âperspectiveâ depending upon what the board wants to emphasize without creating any unwieldy proliferation of measures. Tracking the Strategy Map over time by the board of directors is a way for the board to take responsibility for the firmâs performance. The paper makes a distinction between action variables and monitoring variables. Monitoring variables are further divided on the basis of two considerations: a) whether results have been met or not and b) whether causative factors have met the expected levels of performance or not. Based on directorial responsibilities and accountability, we take another look at how the variables could be specified more completely and accurately with directorial recommendations for executives
Child Psychosocial Adjustment and Parenting in Families Affected by Maternal HIV/AIDS
Child adjustment and parenting were examined in 23 9-through 16-year-old youth from families affected by maternal HIV infection and 20 same-age peers whose mothers were not infected. Children whose mothers were seropositive reported significantly more externalizing problems. Infected mothers reported less age-appropriate supervision/monitoring relative to non-infected mothers. Better mother-child relationship quality and less impairment in parental supervision/monitoring of age-appropriate youth behaviors were associated with fewer externalizing difficulties among the HIV-positive group only. Similarly, only among HIV-infected mothers was refraining from engaging in inconsistent disciplinary tactics associated with lower reports of internalizing and externalizing problems. These data highlight the promise of programs targeting parenting skills to prevent or ameliorate child difficulties
Existential Communication and Leadership
The aim of this article is to introduce and explain a number of important existentialist philosophers and concepts that we believe can contribute to a critical approach to leadership theory. Emphasis is placed on understanding the nature of communication from an existentialist perspective and so Jaspers' conceptualization of existential communication is introduced along with important related concepts that may be regarded as important facets of leader communication including Being-in-the-world, the Other, intersubjectivity, dialogue and indirect communication. Particular attention is paid to Buber's ideas on communication as relationship and dialogue. Throughout, reference is made to contemporary, and what is often regarded as orthodox, thinking regarding the centrality of communication to leadership practice as a means by which to highlight the salience of an existentialist analysis
Mental Health of Parents and Life Satisfaction of Children: A Within-Family Analysis of Intergenerational Transmission of Well-Being
This paper addresses the extent to which there is an intergenerational transmission of mental health and subjective well-being within families. Specifically it asks whether parentsâ own mental distress influences their childâs life satisfaction, and vice versa. Whilst the evidence on daily contagion of stress and strain between members of the same family is substantial, the evidence on the transmission between parental distress and childrenâs well-being over a longer period of time is sparse. We tested this idea by examining the within-family transmission of mental distress from parent to childâs life satisfaction, and vice versa, using rich longitudinal data on 1,175 British youths. Results show that parental distress at year t-1 is an important determinant of childâs life satisfaction in the current year. This is true for boys and girls, although boys do not appear to be affected by maternal distress levels. The results also indicated that the childâs own life satisfaction is related with their fatherâs distress levels in the following year, regardless of the gender of the child. Finally, we examined whether the underlying transmission correlation is due to shared social environment, empathic reactions, or transmission via parent-child interaction
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