Thermomechanical processing of metallic glasses: Extending the range of the glassy state

© 2016 Macmillan Publishers Limited, part of Springer Nature. For crystalline metals, the science, technology and application of thermomechanical processing are established, but this is not true for glasses. Metallic glasses-because they can be plastically deformed-offer a unique opportunity to study the effects of thermomechanical treatments on the structure and properties of glasses. Depending on the rate of cooling, various glassy states can form from a liquid. Slower cooling gives states of lower enthalpy and smaller volume; such states might also be reached by annealing, which induces structural 'relaxation'. A reduction in the degree of relaxation, or 'rejuvenation', is achievable through processes such as irradiation and mechanical deformation. In this Review, we explore the extent of relaxation and rejuvenation induced by thermomechanical processing (that is, elastic and plastic deformation, including cold and hot working, and cyclic loading). The issues that remain to be investigated and the prospects for further progress are discussed.Y.H.S. is supported by a China Scholarship Council (CSC) scholarship, and A.L.G. by the Engineering and the Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council, UK and the World Premier International Research Center Initiative (WPI), MEXT, Japan

Flow-induced elastic anisotropy of metallic glasses

As-cast bulk metallic glasses are isotropic, but anisotropy can be induced by thermomechanical treatments. For example, the diffraction halo in the structure function S(Q) observed in transmission becomes elliptical (rather than circular) after creep in uniaxial tension or compression. Published studies associate this with frozen-in anelastic strain and bond-orientational anisotropy. Results so far are inconsistent on whether viscoplastic flow of metallic glasses can induce anisotropy. Preliminary diffraction data suggest that the anisotropy, if any, is very low, while measurements of the elastic properties suggest that there is induced anisotropy, opposite in sign to that due to anelastic strain. We study three bulk metallic glasses, Ce65Al10Cu20Co5, La55Ni10Al35, and Pd40Ni30Cu10P20. By using resonant ultrasound spectroscopy to determine the full elasticity tensor, the effects of relaxation and rejuvenation can be reliably separated from uniaxial anisotropy (of either sign). The effects of viscoplastic flow in tension are reported for the first time. We find that viscoplastic flow of bulk metallic glasses, particularly in tension, can induce significant anisotropy that is distinct from that associated with frozen-in anelastic strain. The conditions for inducing such anisotropy are explored in terms of the Weissenberg number (ratio of relaxation times for primary relaxation and for shear strain rate). There is a clear need for further work to characterize the structural origins of flow-induced anisotropy and to explore the prospects for improved mechanical and other properties through induced anisotropy.This research was supported by the Engineering and the Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council, UK (grant EP/I035404/1). Y.H.S. acknowledges support from a China Scholarship Council (CSC) scholarship. The authors thank Z. Lu, H. Y. Bai and W. H. Wang for the supply of the Ce65Al10Cu20Co5 and La55Ni20Al25 metallic glasses.This is the final version of the article. It first appeared from Elsevier via http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.actamat.2016.04.02

Plastic deformation induced anisotropy in metallic glasses: A molecular dynamics study

The atomic structure of a Cu13Ni34Pd53 metallic glass was studied by molecular dynamics simulation at different temperatures along a shear deformation cycle. A simulation box of 1 million atoms was deformed in the x axis and then the original orthogonal shape was recovered. Directional pair distribution functions were computed in the coordinate planes and some significant directions along the shear deformation cycle. No anisotropy was found in the initial state, while post-deformation anisotropy was revealed by significant differences of the partial pair distribution functions. The analysis of atomic environments concluded that the remnant anisotropy remains constrained into the shear plane. Low temperature samples showed remnant anisotropy after the full shear sample, while close to the glass transition the anisotropy induced by the initial shear process is removed by the subsequent recovery process.Peer ReviewedPostprint (published version

Study of medium range reordering by plastic deformation in Cu46Zr46Al8

The influence of shear in the atomic structure of ternary Cu46Zr46Al8 metallic glass was studied at different temperatures by molecular dynamics (MD) simulation. At temperatures above and below the glass transition temperature the system was subjected to a shear deformation cycle; the shear deformation was carried in the [100] direction and then the original geometry was recovered. The system was analyzed in three states: initial state (before deformation), deformed state (sheared) and final state (recovery). The different states obtained by the atomistic simulations were examined by computing the directional pair distribution functions (dPDF) in the coordinate planes. The results showed by dPDFs of the planes perpendicular to the coordinate axis are apparently isotropic. However, the dPDF disengage when computed perpendicular to rotated axis. This reveals that the anisotropy introduced during the deformation cycles appears in directions [110] and [1?0], tilted 45° with respect to the direction of the applied shear. To analyze the subtle structural change we systematically computed the positions and widths of the dPDF peaks on the rotated directions, thence allowing us to describe in detail the different signatures of anisotropy induced by deformation in the metallic glasses.Peer ReviewedPostprint (published version

Flow-induced elastic anisotropy of metallic glasses

As-cast bulk metallic glasses are isotropic, but anisotropy can be induced by thermomechanical treatments. For example, the diffraction halo in the structure function S(Q) observed in transmission becomes elliptical (rather than circular) after creep in uniaxial tension or compression. Published studies associate this with frozen-in anelastic strain and bond-orientational anisotropy. Results so far are inconsistent on whether viscoplastic flow of metallic glasses can induce anisotropy. Preliminary diffraction data suggest that the anisotropy, if any, is very low, while measurements of the elastic properties suggest that there is induced anisotropy, opposite in sign to that due to anelastic strain. We study three bulk metallic glasses, Ce65Al10Cu20Co5, La55Ni10Al35, and Pd40Ni30Cu10P20. By using resonant ultrasound spectroscopy to determine the full elasticity tensor, the effects of relaxation and rejuvenation can be reliably separated from uniaxial anisotropy (of either sign). The effects of viscoplastic flow in tension are reported for the first time. We find that viscoplastic flow of bulk metallic glasses, particularly in tension, can induce significant anisotropy that is distinct from that associated with frozen-in anelastic strain. The conditions for inducing such anisotropy are explored in terms of the Weissenberg number (ratio of relaxation times for primary relaxation and for shear strain rate). There is a clear need for further work to characterize the structural origins of flow-induced anisotropy and to explore the prospects for improved mechanical and other properties through induced anisotropy

Anelastic deformation of a Pd40Cu30Ni10P20 bulk metallic glass during nanoindentation

This article may be downloaded for personal use only. Any other use requires prior permission of the author and the American Institute of Physics.Time-dependent deformation processes during nanoindentation have been investigated on a Pd40Cu30Ni10P20 bulk metallic glass. Deformation under constant load has been studied as a function of prior loading rate and temperature. The constant-load displacement of the indenter into the sample shows classic relaxation kinetics and reveals the importance of anelasticity for the mechanical behavior of metallic glasses at the nanoscale

Ordering kinetics evaluation of FeAl powders

In this study, time resolved X-ray diffraction experiments using synchrotron X-ray radiation have been performed to get insight on the time and temperature dependent atomic ordering of an intermetallic Fe-40Al (at.%) ball-milled powder. The target of the present study is to gain knowledge on the rapid heating processes occurring during Thermal Spray coating processes. Present results show that in the temperature range 400 °C - 550 °C, the evolution of the order can be followed and modelled by fitting the powder diffraction patterns collected within the first minutes after fast heating. Reasonable refinements have been obtained by assuming the presence of two domains corresponding to the ordered and disordered lattices. The lattice constant changes from 0.29165 nm in the ball-milled powder at room temperature to 0.29281 nm in the ordered phase after 3000 s at 550 °C. The growth of the ordered phase is proposed to be a vacancy-related process with an activation energy of 1.04 eV. Above 550 °C, the ordering kinetics appears too fast to be resolved using the few seconds time scale of the present experiments which is in agreement to thermal spray results conditions.Peer ReviewedPostprint (author's final draft

Influence of the substrate on the formation of metallic glass coatings by cold gas spraying

Cold gas spray technology has been used to build up coatings of Fe-base metallic glass onto different metallic substrates. In this work, the effect of the substrate properties on the viscoplastic response of metallic glass particles during their impact has been studied. Thick coatings with high deposition efficiencies have been built-up in conditions of homogeneous flow on substrates such as Mild Steel AISI 1040, Stainless Steel 316L, Inconel 625, Aluminum 7075-T6, and Copper (99.9%). Properties of the substrate have been identified to play an important role in the viscoplastic response of the metallic glass particles at impact. Depending on the process gas conditions, the impact morphologies show not only inhomogeneous deformation but also homogeneous plastic flow despite the high strain rates, 10 8 to 10(9) s(-1), involved in the technique. Interestingly, homogenous deformation of metallic glass particles is promoted depending on the hardness and the thermal diffusivity of the substrate and it is not exclusively a function of the kinetic energy and the temperature of the particle at impact. Coating formation is discussed in terms of fundamentals of dynamics of undercooled liquids, viscoplastic flow mechanisms of metallic glasses, and substrate properties. The findings presented in this work have been used to build up a detailed scheme of the deposition mechanism of metallic glass coatings by the cold gas spraying technology

Aplicación de las férulas funcionales en las marchas neurológicas

Se expone la metodología de aplicación de la férula funcional Jousto (J.F.F.), así como diferentes casos clínicos a los cuales se aplicó la citada férula

Pràctica de laboratori : assaig Jominy

El projecte consisteix en realitzar una pràctica de laboratori pels alumnes d'Enginyeria de Materials. La pràctica de laboratori consisteix en posar en pràctica l'assaig Jominy. Aquest assaig permet conèixer la trempabilitat dels acers. L'assaig s'ha de realitzar sota les condicions que descriu la norma ASTM. A més, en el projecte s'han realitzat assajos de duresa, s'han estudiat les microestructures obtingudes en el material una vegada s'ha realitzat l'assaig i, amb el difractograma de Raigs X, s'han conegut les fases que es trobaven presents en el material. Finalment s'han calculat els costos per una banda de la totalitat del projecte, i per altra banda s'ha calculat el cost que suposaria per a la universitat que els alumnes realitzessin la pràctica