Inflamação na obesidade

 Obesity, mainly at abdominal location, leads to a systemic state of low grade inflammation. Metabolic overload evokes different stress reactions, such as oxidative, inflammatory and organelle stresses. Adipocyte hypertrophy facilitates cell rupture, what will evoke an inflammatory reaction. Macrophages accumulate in adipose tissue of obese subjects, particularly around dead adipocytes. Stressed adipocytes, macrophages and lymphocytes, also present in adipose tissue of obese individuals, all secrete inflammatory cytokines. Moreover, recent data on the microbiota and its interaction with food and with obesity brought new hypothetic mechanisms for the obesity/fat diet relationship with inflammation. Beyond these factors, other phenomena, for instance psychological and/or circadian rhythm disturbances, may likewise contribute to the raise of oxidative/inflammatory status. Inflammation is a most important link between obesity and its related morbidities, such as atherosclerosis, diabetes, cardiovascular diseases and cancer.  A obesidade, particularmente a obesidade visceral, dá origem a um estado de inflamação sistémica de baixo grau através de vários mecanismos. A sobrecarga metabólica desencadeia reacções de stresse oxidativo e stresse dos organelos, com inflamação. A hipertrofia dos adipócitos facilita o seu rebentamento, o que desencadeia uma resposta inflamatória. No tecido adiposo de indivíduos obesos há um grande aumento de macrófagos, que se localizam em redor de adipócitos mortos. Todas estas células, adipócitos sob stresse, macrófagos e linfócitos, também presentes no tecido adiposo do obeso, segregam citocinas inflamatórias. Para além disso, os dados recentemente adquiridos sobre o microbiota intestinal e a sua interacção com a gordura alimentar e com a obesidade trouxeram novas hipóteses para a relação da dieta gorda/obesidade com a inflamação. Há, ainda, a considerar outros fenómenos, como o stresse psicológico e a disrupção dos ritmos circadianos, como contribuintes para o estado de inflamação. Por sua vez, a inflamação é em grande parte responsável pela relação entre a obesidade e as morbilidades que lhe estão associadas, como a aterosclerose, diabetes, doenças cardiovasculares e cancro.&nbsp

Confinement During the COVID-19 Pandemic After Metabolic and Bariatric Surgery—Associations Between Emotional Distress, Energy-Dense Foods, and Body Mass Index

Funding Information: The authors gratefully acknowledge the participants enrolled in the current study for their kindness, generosity, and time in contributing with their personal information. We also acknowledge the support from the Obesity and Metabolic Surgery Unit of Hospital CUF Tejo, CUF Healthcare Group, and the support of the Lifestyle Medicine Unit of CUF Healthcare Group by NOVA Medical School. Publisher Copyright: © 2021, The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer Science+Business Media, LLC, part of Springer Nature.Purpose: To estimate the association of emotional distress with both consumption of energy-dense micronutrient-poor foods (EDF) and body mass index (BMI) and the association between EDF consumption and change in BMI, during COVID-19 pandemic in patients with prior bariatric surgery. Materials and Methods: This cross-sectional study applied an online structured questionnaire to 75 postoperative bariatric patients during the first Portuguese lockdown. Emotional distress was assessed trough the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS) and dietary intake was evaluated by Food Frequency Questionnaire (FFQ). Self-reported BMI prior to and at the end of confinement was used to compute BMI change. Pre-surgery BMI was computed from measured height and weight from clinical records. Results: After adjustment for education, sex, time since surgery, pre-surgery BMI, and exercise practice, moderate/severe scores in HADS were significantly positively associated with consumption of EDF (ẞ = 0.799; 95% CI: 0.051, 1.546), but not with BMI. Daily EDF consumption significantly increased the odds of maintaining/increasing BMI (OR = 3.34; 95% CI: 1.18, 9.45), instead of decreasing it (reference). Sweets consumption was the only subcategory of EDF significantly positively associated with the odds of a worse outcome in BMI change (OR = 4.01; 95% CI: 1.13, 14.22). Conclusions: Among postoperative bariatric patients, higher reported levels of emotional distress during confinement are associated with increased EDF consumption. Increased EDF consumption during confinement, particularly sweets, is associated with higher odds of bariatric patients not decreasing their BMI. Additional effort is needed to address inadequate lifestyle behaviors among these patients in the context of the COVID-19 pandemic. Graphical abstract: [Figure not available: see fulltext.]publishersversionpublishe

O adipócito como uma célula auto-reguladora

The recognition of the status of adipose tissue as an endocrine organ capable of integrating stimuli from other organs and respond by producing active autocrine, paracrine and/ or endocrine factors is fundamental to the understanding of adipocyte cell as autoregulatory. The interest in studying the modulation of the adipose tissue by environmental factors has covered both the influence of normal components of the diet, as promoters of a proper development of adipose tissue or in an opposite scenario, the study of the effect of food contaminants, as persistent environmental pollutants, in the etiology of obesity. Either of these approaches has the potential to contribute to clarify the mechanisms leading to obesity and the development of its complications.O reconhecimento do estatuto do tecido adiposo como órgão endócrino, com capacidade de integrar estímulos provindos de outros órgãos e de responder produzindo factores com actividade autócrina, parácrina e/ou endócrina é fundamental para a compreensão do adipócito como célula auto-reguladora. O interesse no estudo da modulação das características do tecido adiposo por factores ambientais, tem abrangido quer a influência de componentes normais da dieta, como favorecedores de um desenvolvimento adequado do tecido adiposo ou, num cenário oposto, o estudo do efeito de contaminantes dos alimentos, como os poluentes ambientais persistentes veiculados pela alimentação na etiologia da obesidade. Qualquer uma destas abordagens tem o potencial de contribuir para esclarecer os mecanismos que conduzem à obesidade e ao desenvolvimento das suas complicações

Validation and evaluation of selected organic pollutants in shrimp and seawater samples from the nw portuguese coast

Funding Information: Funding: This work was supported by UIDB/50006/2020 by the Fundação para a Ciência e a Tecnologia (FCT)/Ministério da Ciência, Tecnologia e Ensino Superior (MCTES) through national funds. The authors also thank FCT and the European Union’s H2020 Research and Innovation Program for funding through the project Systemic—An integrated approach to the challenge of sustainable food systems: adaptive and mitigatory strategies to address climate change and malnutrition. Maria Luz Maia is grateful to FCT) and ESF (European Social Fund) through POCH (Programa Operacional Capital Humano) for the PhD grant SFRH/BD/128817/2017. Funding Information: This work was supported by UIDB/50006/2020 by the Funda??o para a Ci?ncia e a Tecnologia (FCT)/Minist?rio da Ci?ncia, Tecnologia e Ensino Superior (MCTES) through national funds. The authors also thank FCT and the European Union?s H2020 Research and Innovation Program for funding through the project Systemic?An integrated approach to the challenge of sustainable food systems: adaptive and mitigatory strategies to address climate change and malnutrition. Maria Luz Maia is grateful to FCT) and ESF (European Social Fund) through POCH (Programa Operacional Capital Humano) for the PhD grant SFRH/BD/128817/2017. Publisher Copyright: © 2021 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland.The development of coastal regions has contributed to the intensification of environmental contamination, which can accumulate in aquatic biota, such as shrimps. These crustaceans, besides being delicious and being a good source of nutrients, can also accumulate environmental pollutants. Amongst others, these include organochlorine pesticides (OCPs), organophosphorus pesticides (OPPs), brominated flame retardants (BFRs), polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) and synthetic musks (SMs). These pollutants, classified as endocrine disruptors, are related to adverse effects in humans and since one of the major routes of exposition is ingestion, this is a cause for concern regarding their presence in food. The aim of the present study was to quantify the presence of environmental pollutants in shrimp samples and in the water from their habitat along the northwest Portuguese coast. In seawater samples, only two OCPs (lindane and DDD) and one BFR (BTBPE) were detected, and in shrimp samples, one OCP (DDD) and three SMs (HHCB, AHTN and ketone) were found. Bioaccumulation and the risk assessment of dietary exposure of SMs in shrimp samples were investigated. It was observed that all shrimp samples analyzed significantly presented bioaccumulation of the three SMs found. Concentrations of SMs detected in shrimp samples do not present a health risk for the adult Portuguese population.publishersversionpublishe

Antiadhesive and antibiofilm effect of Malvidin -3- glucoside and Malvidin -3- glucoside/neochlorogenic acid mixtures upon staphylococcus

info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersio

Antiadhesive and antibiofilm effect of malvidin-3-glucoside and malvidin-3-glucoside/neochlorogenic acid mixtures upon staphylococcus

Several reports on the biological activity of anthocyanin-rich extracts have been made. However, despite the association of said activity with their anthocyanin content, to the best of our knowledge, there are no previous works regarding the antimicrobial, antibiofilm and/or antiadhesive properties of anthocyanins alone. Therefore, the present work aimed to determine the effects of malvidin-3-glucoside, a major component of a previously reported extract, and the impact of its association with neochlorogenic acid (the only non-anthocyanin phenolic present in said extract), upon several Staphylococcus strains with varying resistance profiles. Results show that, while malvidin- 3-glucoside and malvidin-3-glucoside/neochlorogenic acid mixtures were unable to considerably inhibit bacterial growth after 24 h, they still possessed an interesting antibiofilm activity (with reductions of biofilm entrapped cells up to 2.5 log cycles, metabolic inhibition rates up to 81% and up to 51% of biomass inhibition). When considering the bacteria’s capacity to adhere to plain polystyrene surfaces, the inhibition ranges were considerably lower (21% maximum value). However, when considering polystyrene surfaces coated with plasmatic proteins this value was considerably higher (45% for adhesion in the presence of extract and 39% for adhesion after the surface was exposed to extract). Overall, the studied anthocyanins showed potential as future alternatives to traditional antimicrobials in adhesion and biofilm formation prevention.info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersio

Health promoting properties of blueberries: a review

With the strengthening of the link between diet and health, several foodstuffs have emerged as possessing potential health benefits such as phenolic rich fruits and vegetables. Blueberries, along with other berries, given their flavonoid and antioxidant content have long since been considered as a particularly interesting health promoting fruit. Therefore, the present work aimed to compile the existing evidences regarding the various potential benefits of blueberry and blueberry based products consumption, giving particular relevance to in vivo works and epidemiological studies whenever available. Overall, the results demonstrate that, while the evidences that support a beneficial role of blueberry and blueberry extracts consumption, further human based studies are still needed.info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersio

A psychiatric perspective view of bariatric surgery patients

Background Bariatric surgery is the only procedure that has significant results in weight loss and improvements in medical comorbidities in morbid obese patients. Severely obese patients are also associated with a higher prevalence of psychiatric disorders and poor quality of life. Objective To evaluate specific areas of psychopathology in individuals undergoing bariatric surgery. Methods A review of the literature was conducted from January 2002 to March 2014 by researching PubMed database using the following query: “morbid AND obesity AND bariatric AND surgery AND (psychiatry OR psychology)”. Results Overall improvements in eating behaviors, mood disorders and body image are reported after bariatric surgery, and the mechanism is not enlightened. Risk of suicide and consumption of substances of abuse, especially alcohol, after gastric bypass surgery are problems that clinicians must be aware. Discussion Bariatric patients should be monitored after surgery to identify who did not show the expected benefits postoperatively and the ones who develop psychiatric symptoms after an initial positive response

Implication of menopause and ageing

Funding Information: S. Sousa is grateful to FCT and European Social Fund through Programa Operacional Capital Humano for the Ph.D . grant ( SFRH/BD/137516/2018-COVID/BD/153231/2023 ). The authors thank the General Surgery Department of Hospital de São João (Porto, Portugal) and to all patients that consented to participate. Funding Information: This work was financially supported by Portuguese national funds through projects UIDB/50006/2020 , UIDP/50006/2020 , and LA/P/0008/2020 , from the Fundação para a Ciência e a Tecnologia (FCT)/Ministério da Ciência , Tecnologia e Ensino Superior . Funding Information: S. Sousa is grateful to Fundação para a Ciência e a Tecnologia and European Social Fund through Programa Operacional Capital Humano for the Ph.D . grant ( SFRH/BD/137516/2018-COVID/BD/153231/2023 ). Publisher Copyright: © 2023 Elsevier LtdFatty acids (FA) are biomarkers of metabolic dysfunction. Adipose tissue is the largest reservoir of FA and acts differently in obese individuals. Menopause by itself significantly alters metabolism, lipid metabolism dysregulation, and adipose tissue distribution. How adipose tissue FA alters an obese individual's metabolism depending on a female's menopausal status is yet poorly understood. Hence, the subcutaneous (scAT) and visceral adipose tissue (vAT) FA profile for 173 obese premenopausal and postmenopausal women was measured and associated with biochemical parameters. scAT and vAT FA profiles were distinct by themselves and in menopause. In total 816 associations were found with biochemical parameters, where only 58 were independent of the menopausal status. The associations found to emphasize the importance of assessing the adipose tissue FA profile and how their behavior changes with menopause. The FA are crucial in metabolic processes and can be helpful biomarkers in the prevention/treatment and follow-up of female obesity.publishersversionpublishe