The Translator’s New Clothes Translating the Dual Audience in Andersen’s “The Emperor’s New Clothes”

‘The Emperor’s New Clothes’ is one of Hans Christian Andersen’s best known fairy tales. All over the world it appeals to children and adults alike. As such it belongs to what Zohar Shavit (1986) called ‘children’s literature with an ambivalent audience.’ This study addresses the question as to how translators deal with this dual audience. Do they stick to it or do they rather adapt the story more clearly to children? The corpus consists of the original Danish text and fourteen translations and adaptations in six languages. The research focuses on the implied dual audience as it is given shape in source and target texts on the phonological, lexical-semantic, syntactic and pragmatic levels. The first part of the article investigates how substitutions, omissions and rearrangements might change the dual orientation of the text. The second part deals with the additions and examines how they influence the divertive, creative, emotional and educative function of the text.« Les habits neufs de l’empereur » est un des contes les plus célèbres de Hans Christian Andersen. Il plaît aux enfants comme aux adultes dans le monde entier. Cette histoire peut dès lors être considérée comme une oeuvre de la littérature enfantine qui s’adresse à un double public, que Zohar Shavit (1986) désigne comme « ambivalent audience ». Dans notre étude, nous examinons comment les traducteurs gèrent cette double orientation. Est-elle préservée ou les traductions s’adressent-elles plus spécifiquement aux enfants ? Le corpus est formé de la version danoise originale et de quatorze traductions ou adaptations en six langues. L’étude se concentre sur le double public implicite qui transparaît, tant dans le texte-source que dans le texte-cible, sur le plan phonologique, lexical et sémantique, syntaxique et pragmatique. Nous étudions tout d’abord les changements, suppressions et glissements pour vérifier s’ils entraînent une modification de la double orientation. Dans la seconde partie, nous nous concentrons sur les additions et l’analyse de la manière dont celles-ci influencent les fonctions ludiques, créatives, émotionnelles et éducatives

Nie ma śpiącej królewny bez kolców. Tłumaczenie baśni. Propozycja modelu analizy porównawczej

Few stories have been translated so often and into so many languages as the classical fairy tales. Therefore, they are a true challenge for translation studies. This article wants to outline a methodology for investigating fairy tales in translation. The method is essentially a comparative textual analysis, inspired by translation studies, literary theory, linguistic criticism and discourse analysis. It can be applied to the synchronic research of fairy tale translations within a restricted period of time as well as to the diachronic research of translations of one or more fairy tales over a longer period of time. A step-by- -step model is presented which makes it possible to classify and analyze changes in translations as well as adaptations. In order to bridge the gap between content and linguistic levels, a linguistic analysis is linked to focal points, grouped under categories from literary studies. The examples are taken from six recent Dutch translations of Sleeping Beauty, published between 1995 and 2007. In the fi nal part of this study, a scheme is offered for the interpretation of the changes the analysis brought to light. It takes into account individual as well as social factors and it is based on the concepts of norms, systems and functions. By presenting a structured method of analysis, this article hopes to reinvigorate the study of fairy tales in translation

Factors affecting IgG4-mediated complement activation

Of the four human immunoglobulin G (IgG) subclasses, IgG4 is considered the least inflammatory, in part because it poorly activates the complement system. Regardless, in IgG4 related disease (IgG4-RD) and in autoimmune disorders with high levels of IgG4 autoantibodies, the presence of these antibodies has been linked to consumption and deposition of complement components. This apparent paradox suggests that conditions may exist, potentially reminiscent of in vivo deposits, that allow for complement activation by IgG4. Furthermore, it is currently unclear how variable glycosylation and Fab arm exchange may influence the ability of IgG4 to activate complement. Here, we used well-defined, glyco-engineered monoclonal preparations of IgG4 and determined their ability to activate complement in a controlled system. We show that IgG4 can activate complement only at high antigen and antibody concentrations, via the classical pathway. Moreover, elevated or reduced Fc galactosylation enhanced or diminished complement activation, respectively, with no apparent contribution from the lectin pathway. Fab glycans slightly reduced complement activation. Lastly, we show that bispecific, monovalent IgG4 resulting from Fab arm exchange is a less potent activator of complement than monospecific IgG4. Taken together, these results imply that involvement of IgG4-mediated complement activation in pathology is possible but unlikely

A novel risk assessment process : application to an autonomous inland waterways ship

Effectively addressing safety, security and cyber-security challenges is quintessential for progressing the development of next generation maritime autonomous shipping. This study aims at developing a novel hybrid, semi-structured process for the hazardous scenarios identification and ranking. This method integrates the operational and functional hazard identification approaches, whilst considering the safety, security and cybersecurity hazards. This method is applied to comprehensively assess the safety of an autonomous inland waterways ship at a preliminary design phase. The hazardous scenarios are identified and ranked by a number of experts participating in a series of sessions. The identified hazards risk is estimated considering the frequency and severity indices, whereas their uncertainty is estimated by employing the standard deviations in these two indices among the experts ranking results. Epistemic uncertainty is also considered during ranking. Risk control measures are proposed to de-risk the critical hazards. The results reveal that the most critical hazards from the safety, security and cybersecurity perspectives pertain to the situation awareness, remote control and propulsion functions. Based on the derived results, design enhancements along with high-level testing scenarios for the investigated autonomous ship are also proposed

Immunoassay for quantification of antigen-specific IgG fucosylation

BACKGROUND: Immunoglobulin G (IgG) antibodies serve a crucial immuno-protective function mediated by IgG Fc receptors (FcγR). Absence of fucose on the highly conserved N-linked glycan in the IgG Fc domain strongly enhances IgG binding and activation of myeloid and natural killer (NK) cell FcγRs. Although afucosylated IgG can provide increased protection (malaria and HIV), it also boosts immunopathologies in alloimmune diseases, COVID-19 and dengue fever. Quantifying IgG fucosylation currently requires sophisticated methods such as liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS) and extensive analytical skills reserved to highly specialized laboratories. METHODS: Here, we introduce the Fucose-sensitive Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) for Antigen-Specific IgG (FEASI), an immunoassay capable of simultaneously quantitating and qualitatively determining IgG responses. FEASI is a two-tier immunoassay; the first assay is used to quantify antigen-specific IgG (IgG ELISA), while the second gives FcγRIIIa binding-dependent readout which is highly sensitive to both the IgG quantity and the IgG Fc fucosylation (FcγR-IgG ELISA). FINDINGS: IgG Fc fucosylation levels, independently determined by LC-MS and FEASI, in COVID-19 responses to the spike (S) antigen, correlated very strongly by simple linear regression (R2=0.93, p < 0.0001). The FEASI method was then used to quantify IgG levels and fucosylation in COVID-19 convalescent plasma which was independently validated by LC-MS. INTERPRETATION: FEASI can be reliably implemented to measure relative and absolute IgG Fc fucosylation and quantify binding of antigen-specific IgG to FcγR in a high-throughput manner accessible to all diagnostic and research laboratories. FUNDING: This work was funded by the Stichting Sanquin Bloedvoorziening (PPOC 19-08 and SQI00041) and ZonMW 10430 01 201 0021

's Levens kweekschool. Overzicht van de kinder- en jeugdlit¬ratuur in Vlaanderen in de negentiende eeuw

nrpages: 136status: publishe

No sleeping beauty without thorns : translating fairy tales : a model for comparative analysis

Few stories have been translated so often and into so many languages as the classical fairy tales. Therefore, they are a true challenge for translation studies. This article wants to outline a methodology for investigating fairy tales in translation. The method is essentially a comparative textual analysis, inspired by translation studies, literary theory, linguistic criticism and discourse analysis. It can be applied to the synchronic research of fairy tale translations within a restricted period of time as well as to the diachronic research of translations of one or more fairy tales over a longer period of time. A step-by- -step model is presented which makes it possible to classify and analyze changes in translations as well as adaptations. In order to bridge the gap between content and linguistic levels, a linguistic analysis is linked to focal points, grouped under categories from literary studies. The examples are taken from six recent Dutch translations of Sleeping Beauty, published between 1995 and 2007. In the fi nal part of this study, a scheme is offered for the interpretation of the changes the analysis brought to light. It takes into account individual as well as social factors and it is based on the concepts of norms, systems and functions. By presenting a structured method of analysis, this article hopes to reinvigorate the study of fairy tales in translation