Epidemiology of the Meningococcal Disease in Catalonia before and after Vaccination against Serogroup C

Fundamentos: La enfermedad meningocócica continúa siendo un grave problema de salud pública en todo el mundo. En Cataluña, tras implementar el programa de vacunación, ha habido un descenso importante de los casos producidos por meningococo C. Métodos: Se analizaron los casos notificados de enfermedad meningocócica entre 1997 y 2008 para determinar la evolución después de la introducción de la vacuna conjugada en Cataluña. Resultados: La tasa de incidencia de casos por serogrupo C en menores de 6 años se redujo de 7,6 por 100000 personas/año en el período prevacunal (1997-2000) hasta 0,6 en el período postvacunal (2001-2007). En los casos por serogrupo B, la reducción fue mucho menor, de 15.4 a 11.1. En los menores de 20 años, la tasa de letalidad solo aumento en los casos por serogrupo B (3% en el período prevacunal y 7.4% en el postvacunal).Entre 2000 y 2008, el subtipo P1.15 ha sido el más frecuentemente identificado entre los casos por serogrupo B (31%), asociado principalmente al serotipo 4 (80%), y el subtipo P1.5 (36%) asociado mayoritariamente al serotipo 2a (86%), en los casos por serogrupo C. Durante 2008, 5 casos de B:2a:P1.5, sin aparente relación entre sí fueron identificados en una misma zona geográfica, con una letalidad de 80%. Conclusiones: Es necesario mantener una constante y exhaustiva vigilancia para conocer las cepas circulantes en cada momento y detectar precozmente posibles cambios y recombinaciones entre ellasBackgrounds: Meningococcal disease remains a serious public health problem worldwide. In Catalonia, after implementing the vaccination program, there has been a significant decrease in cases caused by meningococcus C. Methods: Reported cases of meningococcal disease between 1997 and 2008 were analyzed to determine the evolution after the introduction of a conjugated vaccine in Catalonia. Results: In <6 years, the incidence rate of serogroup C fell from 7.6 to 0.6 per 100,000 persons/year in the periods before (1997-2000) and after (2001-2007) the introduction of the conjugate vaccine. In serogroup B, the reduction was from 15.4 to 11.1. In <20 years case-fatality-rate increased only in serogroup B (3% and 7.4%). Serosubtype P1.15was the most frequent in serogroup B (31%), mainly associated with serotype 4 (80%), and in serogroup C subtype P1.5 (36%), with serotype 2a (86%). During 2008, 5 apparently unrelated cases of B:2a:P1.5 were identified in the same geographic area, with a case-fatality-rate of 80%. Conclusions: Exhaustive surveillance of circulating meningococcal strains is essentialEste trabajo ha sido parcialmente financiado por CIBER Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), España.S

1H-NMR Urinary Metabolic Profile, A Promising Tool for the Management of Infants with Human Cytomegalovirus-Infection

Abstract: Congenital human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) infection is the most common mother-to-child transmitted infection in the developed world. Certain aspects of its management remain a challenge. Urinary metabolic profiling is a promising tool for use in pediatric conditions. The aim of this study was to investigate the urinary metabolic profile in HCMV-infected infants and controls during acute care hospitalization. Urine samples were collected from 53 patients at five hospitals participating in the Spanish congenital HCMV registry. Thirty-one cases of HCMV infection and 22 uninfected controls were included. Proton nuclear magnetic resonance (1H-NMR) spectra were obtained using NOESYPR1D pulse sequence. The dataset underwent orthogonal projection on latent structures discriminant analysis to identify candidate variables affecting the urinary metabolome: HCMV infection, type of infection, sex, chronological age, gestational age, type of delivery, twins, and diet. Statistically significant discriminative models were obtained only for HCMV infection (p = 0.03) and chronological age (p < 0.01). No significant differences in the metabolomic profile were found between congenital and postnatal HCMV infection. When the HCMV-infected group was analyzed according to chronological age, a statistically significant model was obtained only in the neonatal group (p = 0.01), with the differentiating metabolites being betaine, glycine, alanine, and dimethylamine. Despite the considerable variation in urinary metabolic profiles in a real-life setting, clinical application of metabolomics to the study of HCMV infection seems feasible

Failures of 13-Valent Conjugated Pneumococcal Vaccine in Age-Appropriately Vaccinated Children 2-59 Months of Age, Spain

Vaccination with the 13-valent conjugated pneumococcal disease (PCV13) has reduced invasive pneumococcal disease (IPD), but there have been reports of vaccine failures. We performed a prospective study in children aged 2-59 months who received diagnoses of IPD during January 2012-June 2016 in 3 pediatric hospitals in Catalonia, Spain, a region with a PCV13 vaccination coverage of 63%. We analyzed patients who had been age-appropriately vaccinated but who developed IPD caused by PCV13 serotypes. We detected 24 vaccine failure cases. The serotypes involved were 3 (16 cases); 19A (5 cases); and 1, 6B, and 14 (1 case each). Cases were associated with children without underlying conditions, with complicated pneumonia (OR 6.65, 95% CI 1.91-23.21), and with diagnosis by PCR (OR 5.18, 95% CI 1.84-14.59). Vaccination coverage should be increased to reduce the circulation of vaccine serotypes. Continuous surveillance of cases of IPD using both culture and PCR to characterize vaccine failures is necessary

Effectiveness of the 13-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine in preventing invasive pneumococcal disease in children aged 7-59 months. A matched case-control study

Background The 13-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine (PCV13) was licensed based on the results of immunogenicity studies and correlates of protection derived from randomized clinical trials of the 7-valent conjugate pneumococcal vaccine. We assessed the vaccination effectiveness (VE) of the PCV13 in preventing invasive pneumococcal disease (IPD) in children aged 7-59 months in a population with suboptimal vaccination coverage of 55%. Methods The study was carried out in children with IPD admitted to three hospitals in Barcelona (Spain) and controls matched by hospital, age, sex, date of hospitalization and underlying disease. Information on the vaccination status was obtained from written medical records. Conditional logistic regression was made to estimate the adjusted VE and 95% confidence intervals (CI). Results 169 cases and 645 controls were included. The overall VE of ≥1 doses of PCV13 in preventing IPD due to vaccine serotypes was 75.8% (95% CI, 54.1-87.2) and 90% (95% CI, 63.9-97.2) when ≥2 doses before 12 months, two doses on or after 12 months or one dose on or after 24 months, were administered. The VE of ≥1 doses was 89% (95% CI, 42.7-97.9) against serotype 1 and 86.0% (95% CI, 51.2-99.7) against serotype 19A. Serotype 3 showed a non-statistically significant effectiveness (25.9%; 95% CI, -65.3 to 66.8). Conclusions The effectiveness of ≥1 doses of PCV13 in preventing IPD caused by all PCV13 serotypes in children aged 7-59 months was good and, except for serotype 3, the effectiveness of ≥1 doses against the most frequent PCV13 serotypes causing IPD was high when considered individually

Impact of the 13-valent conjugated pneumococcal vaccine on the direct costs of invasive pneumococcal disease requiring hospital admission in children aged < 5 years. A prospective study

The lack of invasive pneumococcal disease (IPD) cost studies may underestimate the effect of pneumococcal polysaccharide conjugated vaccines (PCV). The objective of this study was to estimate the direct costs of hospitalized IPD cases. A prospective study was made in children aged <5 years diagnosed with IPD in two high-tech hospitals in Catalonia (Spain) between 2007-2009 (PCV7 period) and 2012-2015 (PCV13 period). Costs were calculated according to 2014 Catalan Health Service rates using diagnostic-related groups. In total, 319 and 154 cases were collected, respectively. Pneumonia had the highest cost (65.7% and 62.0%, respectively), followed by meningitis (25.8% and 26.1%, respectively). During 2007-2015, the costs associated with PCV7 serotypes (Pearson coeffcient (Pc) = 0.79; p = 0.036) and additional PCV13 serotypes (Pc = 0.75; p = 0.05) decreased, but those of other serotypes did not (Pc = 0.23 p = 0.62). The total mean cost of IPD increased in the PCV13 period by 31.4% (¿3016.1 vs. ¿3963.9), mainly due to ICU stay (77.4%; ¿1051.4 vs. ¿1865.6). During the PCV13 period, direct IPD costs decreased due to a reduction in the number of cases, but cases were more severe and had a higher mean cost. During 2015, IPD costs increased due to an increase in the costs associated with non-PCV13 serotypes and serotype 3 and this requires further investigation

Detection of cytomegalovirus drug resistance mutations in solid organ transplant recipients with suspected resistance

BACKGROUND: Current guidelines recommend that treatment of resistant cytomegalovirus (CMV) in solid organ transplant (SOT) recipients must be based on genotypic analysis. However, this recommendation is not systematically followed. OBJECTIVES: To assess the presence of mutations associated with CMV resistance in SOT recipients with suspected resistance, their associated risk factors and the clinical impact of resistance. STUDY DESIGN: Using Sanger sequencing we prospectively assessed the presence of resistance mutations in a nation-wide prospective study between September 2013-August 2015. RESULTS: Of 39 patients studied, 9 (23%) showed resistance mutations. All had one mutation in the UL 97 gene and two also had one mutation in the UL54 gene. Resistance mutations were more frequent in lung transplant recipients (44% p=0.0068) and in patients receiving prophylaxis >/=6 months (57% vs. 17%, p=0.0180). The mean time between transplantation and suspicion of resistance was longer in patients with mutations (239 vs. 100days, respectively, p=0.0046) as was the median treatment duration before suspicion (45 vs. 16days, p=0.0081). There were no significant differences according to the treatment strategies or the mean CMV load at the time of suspicion. Of note, resistance-associated mutations appeared in one patient during CMV prophylaxis and also in a seropositive organ recipient. Incomplete suppression of CMV was more frequent in patients with confirmed resistance. CONCLUSIONS: Our study confirms the need to assess CMV resistance mutations in any patient with criteria of suspected clinical resistance. Early confirmation of the presence of resistance mutations is essential to optimize the management of these patients

Epidemiología de la enfermedad meningocócica en Cataluña antes y después de la vacunación frente al serogrupo C.

Fundamentos: La enfermedad meningocócica continúa siendo un grave problema de salud pública en todo el mundo. En Cataluña, tras implementar el programa de vacunación, ha habido un descenso importante de los casos producidos por meningococo C. Métodos: Se analizaron los casos notificados de enfermedad meningocócica entre 1997 y 2008 para determinar la evolución después de la introducción de la vacuna conjugada en Cataluña. Resultados: La tasa de incidencia de casos por serogrupo C en menores de 6 años se redujo de 7,6 por 100000 personas/ año en el período prevacunal (1997-2000) hasta 0,6 en el período postvacunal (2001-2007). En los casos por serogrupo B, la reducción fue mucho menor, de 15.4 a 11.1. En los menores de 20 años, la tasa de letalidad solo aumento en los casos por serogrupo B (3% en el período prevacunal y 7.4% en el postvacunal).Entre 2000 y 2008, el subtipo P1.15 ha sido el más frecuentemente identificado entre los casos por serogrupo B (31%), asociado principalmente al serotipo 4 (80%), y el subtipo P1.5 (36%) asociado mayoritariamente al serotipo 2a (86%), en los casos por serogrupo C. Durante 2008, 5 casos de B:2a:P1.5, sin aparente relación entre sí fueron identificados en una misma zona geográfica, con una letalidad de 80%. Conclusiones: Es necesario mantener una constante y exhaustiva vigilancia para conocer las cepas circulantes en cada momento y detectar precozmente posibles cambios y recombinaciones entre ellas

Pneumococcal serotypes in children, clinical presentation and antimicrobial susceptibility in the PCV13 era

The aim was to analyse invasive pneumococcal disease (IPD) serotypes in children aged ⩽17 years according to clinical presentation and antimicrobial susceptibility. We conducted a prospective study (January 2012-June 2016). IPD cases were diagnosed by culture and/or real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Demographic, microbiological and clinical data were analysed. Associations were assessed using the odds ratio (OR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI). Of the 253 cases, 34.4% were aged <2 years, 38.7% 2-4 years and 26.9% 5-17 years. Over 64% were 13-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine (PCV13) serotypes. 48% of the cases were diagnosed only by real-time PCR. Serotypes 3 and 1 were associated with complicated pneumonia (P < 0.05) and non-PCV13 serotypes with meningitis (OR 7.32, 95% CI 2.33-22.99) and occult bacteraemia (OR 3.6, 95% CI 1.56-8.76). Serotype 19A was more frequent in children aged <2 years and serotypes 3 and 1 in children aged 2-4 years and 5-17 years, respectively. 36.1% of cases were not susceptible to penicillin and 16.4% were also non-susceptible to cefotaxime. Serotypes 14, 24F and 23B were associated with non-susceptibility to penicillin (P < 0.05) and serotypes 11, 14 and 19A to cefotaxime (P < 0.05). Serotype 19A showed resistance to penicillin (P = 0.002). In conclusion, PCV13 serotypes were most frequent in children aged ⩽17 years, mainly serotypes 3, 1 and 19A. Non-PCV13 serotypes were associated with meningitis and occult bacteraemia and PCV13 serotypes with pneumonia. Non-susceptibility to antibiotics of non-PCV13 serotypes should be monitored

APM +: Alguna planta medicinal més

EL PROJECTE: El farmacèutic es considera el professional expert en el medicament. Amb tot, al mercat en general, però també a les farmàcies, trobem un enorme ventall de complements alimentaris a base de plantes medicinals, comercialitzats en formes farmacèutiques. El farmacèutic ha de saber donar consell farmacèutic sobre medicaments, però els complements alimentaris cada vegada prenen més protagonisme comercial i el farmacèutic també caldrà que doni consell sobre aquests complements. En aquest mac, l’APP pel mòbil que anomenem APM+ (acrònim d’Alguna Planta Medicinal +) és una activitat docent realitzada durant el curs 2020-2021 en l’assignatura de Botànica Farmacèutica en els grups-classe M3 i T2. En aquesta activitat voluntària, de dues setmanes de durada, hi han participat 64 estudiants dels quals 57 han tingut prou qualitat acadèmica per ser publicades dins l’APP. L’objectiu docent d’aquesta activitat ha estat treballar la nomenclatura (nom científic, família i nom popular) i també les característiques morfològiques bàsiques de la planta i la droga amb les seves respectives imatges sempre de llicència lliure. També ha calgut fer una breu consulta a una base de dades de flora mundial (Plant of the World Online), a la wikipedia en anglès i a la base de dades de medicaments (CIMA) per saber on cal catalogar la planta estudiada. La metodologia utilitzada ha estat treballar, de manera individual, en un màxim de 3 plantes cadascú, sobre un document Excel compartit amb tothom per evitar repeticions. Un cop validat pel professorat cadascun dels registres, s’han traslladat a l’aplicació GLIDE per tal de crear l’App que, finalment, s’ha compartit a través d'un codi QR a tots els interessats de la classe i públic en general. L’App està organitzada en un menú inferior amb 4 icones. En la presentació s'esmenta l'objectiu docent de l'experiència i com s'ha organitzat i executat, juntament amb un breu apunt de l'objecte d'estudi -els complements alimentaris medicamentosos- i la diferència d'aquests amb un medicament clàssic. La segona icona presenta la planta medicinal a través d'una fotografia, la seva distribució geogràfica i una breu descripció morfològica de l'espècie. La tercera icona de la droga mostra una imatge de la part utilitzada com a medicinal i un enllaç per disposar de més informació a través de la wikipedia en anglès. I, per últim, a la quarta icona, cada estudiant ha triat un producte comercial relacionat amb la planta i ha fet la consulta a la base de dades CIMA per esbrinar si aquesta planta té registrats Medicaments, Medicaments Tradicionals a base de Plantes (MTP) o, si no està en el catàleg, cal considerar-lo que en el nostre país només apareix com a complement alimentari. El conjunt de l'experiència ha estat molt ben rebuda pels estudiants que hi han participat amb una bona satisfacció del resultat final malgrat dedicar-hi un temps molt limitat.  QUÈ ÉS UN COMPLEMENT ALIMENTARI MEDICAMENTÓS?: Com el seu nom indica, un complement alimentari és un aliment que es pot presentar en qualsevol de les formes farmacèutiques clàssiques (càpsules, pastilles, vials, etc.) i que té un efecte fisiològic o nutricional, amb l’objectiu final de presentar un benefici per a l'organisme. Com la mateixa definició indica, complementa una dieta variada i equilibrada i sempre s'ha de consumir d'acord amb les indicacions que apareixen al seu etiquetat extern. Els complements alimentaris poden contenir vitamines, minerals, aminoàcids, àcids grassos essencials, fibres i, darrerament, diverses plantes medicinals i extractes d’herbes remeieres. Els complements alimentaris contribueixen, faciliten i ajuden a mantenir un bon estat de salut sempre que es mantingui un estil de vida saludable a través d'una dieta variada i equilibrada, una activitat física regular i, per descomptat, que es segueixin les instruccions del fabricant pel que fa a la seva correcta dosificació. Encara que el terme correcte és "complement alimentari" també es coneix amb accepcions com a suplement alimentari o complement nutricional. Un complement alimentari mai és substitut d'una bona dieta. En circumstàncies normals, una dieta adequada i equilibrada hauria de proporcionar tots els nutrients necessaris per al normal desenvolupament i manteniment d'un organisme sa. Malgrat això, moltes investigacions han demostrat que aquesta situació ideal no es dona en la pràctica per a tots els nutrients, ni per a tots els grups de població. Alguns col·lectius com, per exemple, dones embarassades i/o lactants, dones amb menopausa, gent gran amb mobilitat reduïda, persones veganes i/o vegetarianes o esportistes amb una activitat física intensa, entre d'altres, poden tenir falta d'un o més nutrients o tenir necessitats nutricionals especials en determinats moments de la seva vida. En aquests casos, pot ser útil el consum d’un complement alimentari, sempre, a poder ser, amb el consell d’un professional de la salut com ho és un farmacèutic