The Ethos of the International Court of Justice Is Dependent Upon the Statutory Authority Attributed to Its Rhetoric: A Metadiscourse

This Comment argues that the Court\u27s practice of unofficially applying precedent, contrary to actual statutory authority, negatively impacts the Court\u27s authority. Specifically, the absence of an official doctrine of stare decisis diminishes the Court\u27s ethos and the rhetorical clout imputed to the Court\u27s decisions. 28 Part I discusses the Court\u27s character in providing states with a consistent, statutorily authorized rhetoric to refer to in their compromissory interactions, the Court\u27s acknowledgment of the written rules, and its subsequent use of precedent. Part I also examines the past under-utilization of the ICJ to settle treaty disputes, and the recent increasing trend in states\u27 reliance on the ICJ as the potential interpreter of treaties. Part II analyzes the ICJ\u27s statutory authority, and their interpretations and practices regarding that authority. Part III argues that without binding the Court statutorily the effect of precedent on later decisions of the ICJ undermines the rhetoric of the Court, thereby undermining the ethos, or authoritativeness, of the Court to decide conflicts between disputing states. Part III also argues that if the authoritativeness of the Court\u27s rhetoric is questionable, the increased reliance on the ICJ as the adjudicator of potential treaty disputes could be reversed, causing a return to under-utilization of the Court. Part III further argues that in order to prevent a return to under-utilization of the Court, the written statute that defines the Court should reflect the Court\u27s practices. This Comment concludes that binding the Court to its past decisions by amending the ICJ statute would increase the ICJ\u27s rhetorical ethos, thus adding more precedential weight to the Court\u27s decisions and authoritative use of its service

Quiet engine program: Turbine noise suppression. Volume 2: Treatment selection, installation, and test results

For abstract, see N74-19400

Quiet engine program: Turbine noise suppression. -Volume 1: General treatment evaluation and measurement techniques

Acoustic treatment was developed for jet engine turbine noise suppression. Acoustic impedance and duct transmission loss measurements were made for various suppression systems. An environmental compatibility study on several material types having suppression characteristics is presented. Two sets of engine hardware were designed and are described along with engine test results which include probe, farfield, near field, and acoustic directional array data. Comparisons of the expected and the measured suppression levels are given as well as a discussion of test results and design techniques

Screening of cryptic species among clinical Aspergillus isolates collected during one year period in a Portuguese reference laboratory

Objectives: Correct identification of Aspergillus species is important given that sibling species may show variable susceptibilities to multiple antifungal drugs and also because sharper definition of species may facilitate epidemiological studies. Thus, we screened Aspergillus clinical isolates from Portuguese hospitals to determine which, if any, of the cryptic species of Aspergillus were involved in patient infections. Methods: Over a one year period, Aspergillus isolates from Portuguese health institutions were collected. These isolates were identified on the basis of microscopic morphology and through the use of molecular tools. Genomic DNA was prepared from each isolate and the sequencing of the Internal Transcribed Spacers (ITS) regions, specifically the ITS1 and ITS2 non-coding regions flanking the 5.8S rDNA was used to determine the species complex, whereas β-tubulin and calmodulin sequencing was done to achieve the correct species identification. Results: Over the study period, 57 Aspergillus isolates from clinical samples were collected from 10 Portuguese health institutions. According to the morphological observations, 29 isolates were identified as Aspergillus fumigatus, 11 A. flavus, 8 A. niger, 3 A. nidulans, 2 A. terreus, 2 A. candidus and 2 Aspergillus sp. Among those isolates, six species-complexes were detected by ITS sequencing, and were distributed as follows: fumigati (50.1%), flavi (21.0%), nigri (15.8%), terrei (5.3%), nidulantes (3.6%) and versicolores (3.6%). β-tubulin and calmodulin sequencing resulted in ten (17.5%) cryptic species being identified among the 57 isolates. Six of those isolates belonged to the nigri complex (A. brasiliensis, A. awamorii and A. tubigensis), two to the versicolores complex (A. sidowii and A. fructus), one to the fumigati complex (A. lentulus) and one to the nidulantes complex (Emmericella echinulata). Conclusion: With rigorous application of molecular tools, cryptic species of Aspergillus are not uncommon in the clinic. The identification of cryptic species among the collected clinical isolates of Aspergillus alerts the clinician to isolates with reduced susceptibilities to antifungal drugs and emphasizes a correct identification to species level

Statistical Properties of Height of Japanese Schoolchildren

We study height distributions of Japanese schoolchildren based on the statictical data which are obtained from the school health survey by the ministry of education, culture, sports, science and technology, Japan . From our analysis, it has been clarified that the distribution of height changes from the lognormal distribution to the normal distribution in the periods of puberty.Comment: 2 pages, 2 figures, submitted to J. Phys. Soc. Jpn.; resubmitted to J. Phys. Soc. Jpn. after some revisio

Identification of Aspergillus cryptic species in hospital environment

Selected hospital wards, housing patients at higher risk to develop invasive fungal infections, were screened in order to understand the epidemiology and distribution of Aspergillus, especially regarding the presence of cryptic species.Aspergillus species were identified by b-tubulin and calmodulin sequencing, and a high percentage of cryptic species (i.e., not sensu stricto) was found (59%). Sections Usti, Versicolores and Circumdati harbored the highest proportion of cryptic species [100% (4/4), 95% (19/20) and 90% (9/10), respectively].The high number of cryptic species found raises concerns about the possible reduced susceptibility to antifungals of hospital environmental Aspergillus isolates. These data reinforce the importance of hospital air and surface monitoring, mainly in immunocompromised patients’ wards

Via-SEES: Variability in Atmosphere from Solar Energetic Electrons

Variability In Atmosphere from Solar Energetic Electron Study (VIA-SEES) is a hybrid science mission and technology development campaign from the Earth and Planetary Exploration Technologies (EPET) program at the University of Hawai’i. It is oriented around establishing a direct correlation between Solar Radiation Events (SREs) and Variability in Atmospheric gases, specifically Nitric and Nitrous Oxide, as well as Ozone. The mission is intended to fly on a 3U CubeSat and will collect a data set which is multimodal. To achieve robust performance, a variety of techniques are employed to make the science data set easier to interpret by an analyst. It is important to consider the format of the data sets, which is generally given by the instrument collecting the data. To allow for a better establishment of an anticoincidence, meaning that there is a precise correlation between 2 readings on the same index, a systems engineering approach is taken. This is as the science mission requirements should drive the design of the mission. A comprehensive approach is taken in the design of the VIA-SEES spacecraft, to maximize the scientific value of the mission

Multiscale Modeling, Simulations, and Experiments of Coating Growth on Nanofibers. Part Ii. Deposition

This work is Part II of an integrated experimental/modeling investigation of a procedure to coat nanofibers and core-clad nanostructures with thin-film materials using plasma-enhanced physical vapor deposition. In the experimental effort, electrospun polymer nanofibers are coated with aluminum materials under different operating conditions to observe changes in the coating morphology. This procedure begins with the sputtering of the coating material from a target. Part I [J. Appl. Phys. 98, 044303 (2005)] focused on the sputtering aspect and transport of the sputtered material through the reactor. That reactor level model determines the concentration field of the coating material. This field serves as input into the present species transport and deposition model for the region surrounding an individual nanofiber. The interrelationships among processing factors for the transport and deposition are investigated here from a detailed modeling approach that includes the salient physical and chemical phenomena. Solution strategies that couple continuum and atomistic models are used. At the continuum scale, transport dynamics near the nanofiber are described. At the atomic level, molecular dynamics (MD) simulations are used to study the deposition and sputtering mechanisms at the coating surface. Ion kinetic energies and fluxes are passed from the continuum sheath model to the MD simulations. These simulations calculate sputtering and sticking probabilities that in turn are used to calculate parameters for the continuum transport model. The continuum transport model leads to the definition of an evolution equation for the coating-free surface. This equation is solved using boundary perturbation and level set methods to determine the coating morphology as a function of operating conditions. (c) 2005 American Institute of Physics