On the Effects of Knavery: From a London Working Lunch to the Danish summer 1916 war scare

On 14 June 1916 the Danish army purchasing officer in London, Cavalry Major Count Frederik ”Fritz” Moltke, had a working lunch with his contact in the Admiralty, the Danish language speaking Lieutenant Commander Frank Stagg. From the next table a MI5 counter-intelligence officer monitored the conversation that was meant to expose Moltke as a German spy and pass him incorrect information about the recent naval battle off Jutland. Later that summer Denmark was forced to transfer Moltke to the U.S., but at that time the disinformation passed to him and reinforced by the Danish Minister in London had already worsened a senses in Copenhagen that Denmark was moving closer to involvement in the war. The article follows the chain of disinformation and events

The Unavoidable Vision Failure: The Anglo-German First World War naval confrontation

The Unavoidable Vision Failure: The Anglo-German First World War naval confrontatio

The Royal Navy North Sea War Plan 1907-1914

On retiring in spring 1907, Admiral Sir Arthur Wilson assisted his respected First Sea Lord, John Fisher, by consolidating their common ideas into a memorandum about how to defeat Germany quickly via the destruction of the High Seas Fleet in the North Sea, thereby creating an alternative to sending the army to the Continent. His memo mirrored the observational blockade concepts of Captain George Ballard and the work of Captain Henry Jackson on how to employ wireless telegraphy in fleet command and control.  This article follows how these ideas in interplay with experience from the annual manoeuvres influenced the developing war planning up to the start of the war in summer 1914

Skyggerne på væggen: Et forsøg på delvis rekonstruktion af efterretningstjenesten i og fra Sønderjylland fra 1920 til ca. 1950

Artiklen søger at rekonstruere historien om dansk efterretningsvirksomhed i mellemkrigstiden igennem Besættelsestiden og ved starten af Den Kolde Krig.  Dette vanskeliggøres af ødelæggelsen af alle Hærens planlægningsarkivalier rettet mod Tyskland den 9. april 1940. Derfor er forfatterne henvist til dels at forudsætte, at den efterretningsvirksomhed fortsatte, som blev skabt før 1. Verdenskrig, dels udnytte Ole Grøns igangværende rekonstruktion af hans farfars og fars rolle i efterretningstjeneste i og fra Sønderjylland i perioden. Artiklen sandsynliggør den socialdemokratiske ledelses afgørende, men diskrete, rolle i hele perioden

Divergent responses of Atlantic cod to ocean acidification and food limitation

In order to understand the effect of global change on marine fishes, it is imperative to quantify the effects on fundamental parameters such as survival and growth. Larval survival and recruitment of the Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua) were found to be heavily impaired by end-of-century levels of ocean acidification. Here, we analysed larval growth among 35–36 days old surviving larvae, along with organ development and ossification of the skeleton. We combined CO2treatments (ambient: 503 µatm, elevated: 1,179 µatm) with food availability in order to evaluate the effect of energy limitation in addition to the ocean acidification stressor. As expected, larval size (as a proxy for growth) and skeletogenesis were positively affected by high food availability. We found significant interactions between acidification and food availability. Larvae fed ad libitum showed little difference in growth and skeletogenesis due to the CO2 treatment. Larvae under energy limitation were significantly larger and had further developed skeletal structures in the elevated CO2 treatment compared to the ambient CO2 treatment. However, the elevated CO2 group revealed impairments in critically important organs, such as the liver, and had comparatively smaller functional gills indicating a mismatch between size and function. It is therefore likely that individual larvae that had survived acidification treatments will suffer from impairments later during ontogeny. Our study highlights important allocation trade-off between growth and organ development, which is critically important to interpret acidification effects on early life stages of fish