Carbon dioxide fluxes across the Sierra de Guadarrama, Spain

Understanding the spatial and temporal variation in soil respiration within small geographic areas is essential to accurately assess the carbon budget on a global scale. In this study, we investigated the factors controlling soil respiration in an altitudinal gradient in a southern Mediterranean mixed pine–oak forest ecosystem in the north face of the Sierra de Guadarrama in Spain. Soil respiration was measured in five Pinus sylvestris L. plots over a period of 1 year by means of a closed dynamic system (LI-COR 6400). Soil temperature and water content were measured at the same time as soil respiration. Other soil physico-chemical and microbiological properties were measured during the study. Measured soil respiration ranged from 6.8 to 1.4 lmol m-2 s-1, showing the highest values at plots situated at higher elevation. Q10 values ranged between 1.30 and 2.04, while R10 values ranged between 2.0 and 3.6. The results indicate that the seasonal variation of soil respiration was mainly controlled by soil temperature and moisture. Among sites, soil carbon and nitrogen stocks regulate soil respiration in addition to soil temperature and moisture. Our results suggest that application of standard models to estimate soil respiration for small geographic areas may not be adequate unless other factors are considered in addition to soil temperature

A model of collaborative innovation between local government and tourism operators

[EN] This research proposes a framework for collaborative innovation in a public private partnership by applying techniques that combine quantitative data collection and qualitative depth. It proposes a collaborative model that looks to provide competitive advantage by improving tourist services from two perspectives: from the core of public administration, and from the private tourist sector perspective.Pons Morera, C.; Canós Darós, L.; Gil Pechuán, I. (2017). A model of collaborative innovation between local government and tourism operators. SERVICE BUSINESS. AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL. 1-26. doi:10.1007/s11628-017-0341-xS126Anderberg MR (1973) Cluster analysis for applications. Academic Press, New YorkAugustyn K (2000) Performance of tourism partnerships: a focus on York. Tour Manag 2:341–351Aziri B, Nedelea A (2013) Business strategies in tourism. Ecoforum 2(1):9Baglieri D, Consoli R (2009) Collaborative innovation in tourism: managing virtual communities. TQM J 21(4):353–364Barbero MI (2009) Métodos de elaboración de escalas. UNED, MadridBeaumont N, Dredge D (2010) Local tourism governance: a comparison of three network approaches. J Sustain Tourism 18(1):7–28Beritelli P, Bieger T, Laesser C (2007) Destination governance: Using corporate governance theories as a foundation for effective destination management. J Travel Res 46:96–107Bigné JE, Aldás J, Küster I, Vila N (2002) Estableciendo los determinantes de la fidelidad del cliente: Un estudio basado en técnicas cualitativas. Investigación y Mark 77:58–62Bruntland GH (1987) Our common future. http://www.un-documents.net/our-common-future.pdf . Consulted in 2016Buch EB, Cabaleiro R (2011) Hacia la determinación de la condición financiera de la administración publica local. Aplicación a los municipios de la comunidad autónoma de Galicia. Academia, Revista latinoamericana de administración, No. 47, pp. 43–60Burke JG, O’Campo P, Peak GL, Gielen AC, McDonnell KA, Trochim WM (2005) An introduction to concept mapping as a participatory public health research method. Qual Health Res 15(10):1392–1410Bustelo C, García-Morales E (2008) Administración electrónica y gestión documental. Consideraciones a la luz de la ley para el acceso electrónico de los ciudadanos a los servicios públicos. El profesional de la información. Enero-febrero 17(1):106–111Caffyn A, Jobbins G (2003) Governance capacity and stakeholder interactions in the development and management of coastal tourism: examples from Morocco and Tunisia. J Sustain Tourism 11(2):224–245Carlisle S, Kunc M, Jones E, Tiffin S (2013) Supporting innovation for tourism development through multi-stakeholder approaches: experiences from Africa. Tour Manag 35:59–69Clavero J, Codina M, Pérez A, Serrat-Brustenga M (2009) Estudio de caso de servicio de préstamo de libros electrónicos. El profesional de la información. Marzo-abril 18(2):237–241Czernek K (2013) Determinants of cooperation in a tourist region. Ann Tourism Res 40:83–104Dinica V (2009) Governance for sustainable tourism: a comparison of international and dutch visions. Journal of Sustainable Tourism. 17(5):583–603Dredge D, Whitford M (2011) Event tourism governance and the public sphere. J Sustain Tourism 19(4-5):479–499European Directive 2006/7/EC. Bathing Water. http://eur-lex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/LexUriServ.do?uri=OJ:L:2006:064:0037:0051:EN:PDF . Consulted in 2016Everitt B (1980) Cluster analysis. New York, NY, Halsted Press, a Division of John Wiley and SonsFernández O (1991) El análisis de Cluster: Aplicación, interpretación y validación. Papers 37:65–76Foundation for Environmental Quality of the European Union. http://www.blueflag.org/menu/awarded-sites/2014/northern-hemisphere/spain-2/List/Beaches . Consulted in 2016Freeman RE, McVea J (1984) A stakeholder approach to strategic management. Pitman, BostonGil-Lafuente AM, Kyun-Oh Y (2012) Incidencia de las inversiones de la administración pública sobre el desarrollo turístico de una ciudad. Revista Venezolana de Gestión Pública. Enero-Diciembre 3(3):81–109Gil-Pechuán I, Conesa-García M, Navarro-García A (2014) Concept mapping to improve higher education. Innovation and Teaching Technologies. ISBN: 978-3-319-04824-6. pp. 61–73Granovetter M (1985) Economic action and social structure: the problem of embeddedness. Am J Sociol 91(3):481Greenwood J (1993) Business interest groups in tourism governance. Tourism Manag 14:335–348Gulati R (1995) Social structure and alliance formation patterns: a longitudinal analysis. Adm Sci Q 40:619–653Henao-Betancur PA, Echeverri-Farley OM, Zartha-Sossa JW (2013) Metodología web para la formulación e implementación de estrategias de innovación en empresas. Rev Gestión de las Personas y Tecnol 16:6Hodge GA, Greve C (2017) On public-private partnership performance: a contemporary review. Public Works Manag Policy 22(1):55–78Hultman J, Hall CM (2012) Tourism place-Making governance of locality in Sweden. Ann Tourism Res 39(2):547–570Khattri N, Miles MB (1994) Cognitive mapping: a review and working guide. Center Policy Res, SparkhillKlodiana G, Dorina K, Engjellushe Z (2012) The role of local government in sustainable development. AUDOE. 8(2):139–155León JA, Zapico F (2003) Usos prácticos sobre la política electrónica en los servicios públicos: el caso de Extremadura. El profesional de la información. Mayo-junio 12(3):232–236Marinao E, Chasco C (2012) Trust in tourist destinations. the role of local inhabitants and institutions. Academia, Revista latinoamericana de administración 51:27–47Marzo-Roselló R, Peris-Pérez P, Ferris-Oñate, Sánchez-Lacuesta J, Matínez-Gómez L, Olaso-Melis J, Garcés-Pérez L, Primo-Capella VJ (2013) La experiencia turística en la ciudad de Valencia. Rev de Biomec 59:63–66Menon S, Manoj E (2014) Public private partnerships in tourism- a case study of Kerala Travel Mart. Afr J Hosp Tour Leisure 3(2):1–7Miranda-Gumucio L, Gil-Pechuán I, Palacios-Marqués D (2013) An exploratory study of the determinants of switching and loyalty in prepaid cell phone users. An application of concept mapping. Serv Bus 7(4):603–622Miret-Pastor L, Segarra-Oña MV (2011) Estudio del clúster turístico de Benidorm a través de indicadores de aglomeración y especialización. Renovación de destinos turísticos consolidados, pp 69–86Miret-Pastor L, Segarra-Oña MV, Hervás-Oliver JL (2009) Un análisis sobre la concentración espacial en el turismo valenciano. Congreso de la Asociación Española de Ciencia Regional. XXXV Reunión de estudios regionales, ValenciaMoscardo G (2011) Exploring social representations of tourism planning: issues for governance. J Sustain Tour 19(4-5):423–436Muñoz-Cañavate A, Chaín Navarro C (2004) La administración local española en internet: estudio cuantitativo de la evolución de los sistemas de información web de los ayuntamientos (1997–2002). Ciencias de la Inf 35(1):43–55Nabitz U, Severens P, Brink WVD, Jansen P (2007) Improving the EFQM model: an empirical study on model development and theory building using concept mapping. Total Qual Manag 12(1):69–81National and Integral Tourism Plan (2012–2015) http://www.minetur.gob.es/turismo/es-ES/PNIT/Documents/Plan%20Nacional%20e%20Integral%20de%20Turismo%20(PNIT)%202012-2015.pdf . Consulted in 2016Nicholson J, Orr K (2016) Local government partnership working: a space odyssey. Or, journeys through the dilemmas of public and private sector boundary-spanning actors. Policy Politics 44(2):269–287Nordin S, Svensson B (2007) Innovative destination governance: the Swedish ski resort of Åre. Entrepr Innov 8(1):53–66Nunkoo R (2015) Tourism development and trust in local government. Tour Manag 46:623–634Pechlaner H, Tschurtschenthaler P (2003) Tourism policy, tourism organisations and change management in Alpine regions and destinations: a european perspective. Curr Issues Tour 6(6):508–539Pfeffer J, Salancik G (1978) The external control of organizations: a resource-dependence perspective. Harper and Row, New YorkPorter ME (1990) The competitive advantage of nations. Harv Bus Rev 68(2):73–93Prahalad CK, Hamel G (1990) The core competence of the corporation. Harv Bus Rev 68(3):79–91Queiroz F, Rastrollo-Horrillo MA (2015) State of art in tourist destination governance. Tour Manag Stud 11(2):47–55. doi: 10.18089/tms.2015.11206Rodríguez MP, López AM, Ortiz D (2010) Implementing the balanced scorecard in public sector agencies: An experience in municipal sport services. Acad Rev latinoam de adm 45:116–139Rooter report (2010) La innovación en servicios en España. www.rooter.es . Consulted in 2016Rosas SR (2005) Concept mapping as a technique for program theory development: an illustration using family support programs. Am J Eval 26(3):389–401Rosas SR, Camphausen LC (2007) The use of concept mapping for scale development and validation in evaluation. Eval Progr Plann 30:125–135Santos M, Ferreira AM, Costa C (2014) Influential factors in the competitiveness of mature tourism destinations. Tour Manag Stud 10(1):73–81Selin S, Chavez D (1994) Characteristics of successful tourism partnerships: a multiple case study design. J Park Recreat Adm 12(2):51–61Selin S, Chavez D (1995) Developing an evolutionary tourism partnership model. Ann Tour Res 22(4):844–856Simpson B (1994) How do women scientists perceive their own career development? Int J Career Manag 6(1):19–27Soler-López MC (2013) Calidad y Rendimiento de Sitios Web de e-Government. Aplicación a la Administración Local. Doctoral thesis. Murcia UniversitySpanish Tourism Plan Horizon (2020) pp. 24 and 43. http://static.hosteltur.com/web/uploads/2011/10/Plan_de_Turismo_Espaol_Horizonte_2020.pdf . Consulted in 2016Toral SL, Barrero F, Martínez MR, Gallardo S, Cortés FJ (2006) Determinación de las variables de diseño en el desarrollo de una herramienta de e-learning. Pixel-Bit, Rev de medios y edu 27:99–113Torres L, Pina V (2001) Public–private partnership and private finance initiatives in the EU and Spanish local governments. Eur Account Rev 10:601–619Trochim WMK (1989) An introduction to concept mapping for planning and evaluation. Eval Progr Plann 12(1):1–16Trochim WMK, Linton R (1986) Conceptualization for planning and evaluation. Eval Progr Plann 9(4):289–308United Nations World Tourism Organization (2005) Making tourism more sustainable. A guide for policy makers, UNEP and UNWTO, pp 11–12. http://sdt.unwto.org/content/about-us-5United Nations World Tourism Organization (2015) UNWTO tourism highlights, p 6. http://www.e-unwto.org/doi/pdf/10.18111/9789284416899Velasco GM (2007) Gestión de destinos: ¿Gobernabilidad del turismo o gobernanza del destino?. Ministerio de educación y ciencia de España. Plan nacional de I + D + I (2004–2007)Wang Y (2008) Collaborative destination marketing: understanding the dynamic process. J Travel Res 47(2):151–166Wang Y, Fesenmaier RD (2007) Collaborative destination marketing: a case study of Elkhart county, Indiana. Tour Manag 28:863–875Wang C, Honggang X (2014) The role of local government and the private sector in China’s tourism industry. Tour Manag 45:95–105Williamson OE (1975) Markets and hierarchies: analysis and antitrust implications. The Free Press, New YorkWood DJ, Gray B (1991) Towards a comprehensive theory of collaboration. J Appl Behav Sci 27:139–162World Travel & Tourism Council (2016) Economic Impact 2016 Spain, p 3. http://www.wttc.org/-/media/files/reports/economic%20impact%20research/countries%202016/spain2016.pdf . Consulted in 2016Zapata MJ, Hall CM (2012) Public–private collaboration in the tourist sector: balancing legitimacy and effectiveness in local tourism partnerships. The Spanish case. J Policy Res Tour Leisure Events 4(1):61–8

Competitive Interactions between Invasive Nile Tilapia and Native Fish: The Potential for Altered Trophic Exchange and Modification of Food Webs

Recent studies have highlighted both the positive and negative impacts of species invasions. Most of these studies have been conducted on either immobile invasive plants or sessile fauna found at the base of food webs. Fewer studies have examined the impacts of vagile invasive consumers on native competitors. This is an issue of some importance given the controlling influence that consumers have on lower order plants and animals. Here, we present results of laboratory experiments designed to assess the impacts of unintended aquaculture releases of the Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus), in estuaries of the Gulf of Mexico, on the functionally similar redspotted sunfish (Lepomis miniatus). Laboratory choice tests showed that tilapia prefer the same structured habitat that native sunfish prefer. In subsequent interspecific competition experiments, agonistic tilapia displaced sunfish from their preferred structured habitats. When a piscivore (largemouth bass) was present in the tank with both species, the survival of sunfish decreased. Based on these findings, if left unchecked, we predict that the proliferation of tilapia (and perhaps other aggressive aquaculture fishes) will have important detrimental effects on the structure of native food webs in shallow, structured coastal habitats. While it is likely that the impacts of higher trophic level invasive competitors will vary among species, these results show that consequences of unintended releases of invasive higher order consumers can be important

The responses of an anaerobic microorganism, Yersinia intermedia MASE-LG-1 to individual and combined simulated Martian stresses

The limits of life of aerobic microorganisms are well understood, but the responses of anaerobic microorganisms to individual and combined extreme stressors are less well known. Motivated by an interest in understanding the survivability of anaerobic microorganisms under Martian conditions, we investigated the responses of a new isolate, Yersinia intermedia MASE-LG-1 to individual and combined stresses associated with the Martian surface. This organism belongs to an adaptable and persistent genus of anaerobic microorganisms found in many environments worldwide. The effects of desiccation, low pressure, ionizing radiation, varying temperature, osmotic pressure, and oxidizing chemical compounds were investigated. The strain showed a high tolerance to desiccation, with a decline of survivability by four orders of magnitude during a storage time of 85 days. Exposure to X-rays resulted in dose-dependent inactivation for exposure up to 600 Gy while applied doses above 750 Gy led to complete inactivation. The effects of the combination of desiccation and irradiation were additive and the survivability was influenced by the order in which they were imposed. Ionizing irradiation and subsequent desiccation was more deleterious than vice versa. By contrast, the presence of perchlorates was not found to significantly affect the survival of the Yersinia strain after ionizing radiation. These data show that the organism has the capacity to survive and grow in physical and chemical stresses, imposed individually or in combination that are associated with Martian environment. Eventually it lost its viability showing that many of the most adaptable anaerobic organisms on Earth would be killed on Mars today