Adressierung und Strukturierung von Biomolekülen auf der Nanometer-Skala

Im Rahmen dieser Arbeit werden Nanostrukturen aus biologischen Molekülen untersucht, sowie neue Methoden zur Strukturierung biologischer Systeme im nanoskaligen Bereich entwickelt und vorgestellt. Neben selbstorganisierten und enzymatischen Prozessen, wie sie bei der Strukturbildung biologischer Systeme eine wesentliche Rolle spielen, wird insbesondere auch eine neuartige Methode der gerichteten enzymatischen Hydrolyse biologischer Membranen, die eine gezielte Strukturierung im Nanometerbereich ermöglicht, vorgestellt. Vor dem Hintergrund, daß die Natur mit Polynucleinsäuren extrem vielseitige, universell einsetzbare und chemisch sowie molekularbiologisch sehr gut handhabbare molekulare Bausteine für den selbstorganisierten Aufbau hochintegrierter Nanoarchitekturen zur Verfügung stellt, werden ferner die grundlegenden Mechanismen und Kräfte der molekularen Erkennung bei der DNA-Basenpaarung sowie die mechanische Stabilität der DNA- Doppelhelix untersucht. - Durch kraftmikroskopische Untersuchungen an einer binären Mischung aus Dipalmitoyl- Phosphatidylcholin (DPPC) und Diarachidoyl-Phosphatidylcholin (DAPC) konnte erstmals die laterale Struktur von binären Lipidmischungen in Lipiddoppelschichten direkt bestimmt werden. Es konnte gezeigt werden, daß diese biologisch wichtigen Lipide in Lipiddoppelschichten spontan Domänen mit einer chrakteristischen Größe von etwa 10 nm bilden. Ein Vergleich der Ergebnisse der kraftmikroskopischen Untersuchungen mit denen von Neutronendiffraktionsexperimenten zeigte eine hervorragende Übereinstimmung der mit diesen beiden komplementären Techniken bestimmten mittleren Domänenabstände. - Untersuchungen des enzymatischen Abbaus von Lipidmembranen durch das lipolytische Enzym Phospholipase A2 (PLA2) erlaubten erstmals Einblicke in die Aktivität dieser Enzyme auf der Einzelmolekülebene. Es konnte gezeigt werden, daß die Enzymaktivität stark von den physikalischen Eigenschaften der Membran abhängig ist und daß Membranen in der Gel-Phase ausschließlich von Membrandefekten her und entlang der Hauptachsen des Molekülkristalls hydrolysiert werden, während die Hydrolyse flüssigkristalliner Membranen im wesentlichen isotrop verläuft. Die am freien Enzym gewonnenen Erkenntnisse konnten dann in einem nächsten Schritt zur Entwicklung einer neuartigen gerichteten Hydrolyse von Lipidmembranen genutzt werden, bei der mit der Spitze eines Rasterkraftmikroskops gezielt Defekte in kristallin gepackten Membranen induziert werden, und die Membranen dann durch das Enzym an Stellen mit diesen künstlichen Packungsdefekten hydrolysiert wird. Auf diese Weise konnten künstliche Strukturen in festkörpergestützten Membranen mit minimalen Strukturdurchmessern von bis zu 10 nm erzeugt werden. - Mit Hilfe von kraftspektroskopischen Untersuchungen an einzelnen DNA-Molekülen konnte erstmals ein neuartiger kraftinduzierter Schmelzübergang, der je nach Kraftladungsrate, Umgebungsbedingungen und DNA-Sequenz und Topologie zwischen einigen Piconewton (pN) und etwa 300 pN stattfindet, nachgewiesen werden. Durch Variation von Kraftladungsrate, Ionenstärke, Umgebungstemperatur und DNA-Sequenz konnte gezeigt werden, daß die mechanische Energie die unter Gleichgewichtsbedingungen bis zum kraftinduzierten Schmelzen in der DNA-Doppelhelix deponiert werden kann, hervorragend mit der freien Basenpaarungsenthalpie ∆Gbp der entsprechenden DNA- Sequenz unter den jeweiligen Umgebungsbedingungen übereinstimmt. Es konnte gezeigt werden, daß sich mit Hilfe der Temperaturabhängigkeit der mechanischen Stabilität von DNA die thermodynamischen Größen ∆Hbp und ∆Sbp von DNA direkt aus Kraftexperimenten an einzelnen Molekülen bestimmen lassen. Schließlich konnten die Basenpaarungskräfte von DNA erstmals sequenzspezifisch bestimmt werden. Die zum reißverschlußartigen Aufbrechen einer GC-Basenpaarung nötigen Kräfte betragen demnach 20±3 pN, die zum Aufbrechen einer AT-Basenpaarung nötigen Kräfte 9±3 pN. Auch hier konnte eine sehr gute Übereinstimmung der zum Aufbrechen der Basenpaarungen nötigen mechanischen Energie mit der freien Basenpaarungsenthalpie ∆Gbp festgestellt werden

Probing the interaction forces of prostate cancer cells with collagen I and bone marrow derived stem cells on the single cell level.

Adhesion of metastasizing prostate carcinoma cells was quantified for two carcinoma model cell lines LNCaP (lymph node-specific) and PC3 (bone marrow-specific). By time-lapse microscopy and force spectroscopy we found PC3 cells to preferentially adhere to bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells (SCP1 cell line). Using atomic force microscopy (AFM) based force spectroscopy, the mechanical pattern of the adhesion to SCP1 cells was characterized for both prostate cancer cell lines and compared to a substrate consisting of pure collagen type I. PC3 cells dissipated more energy (27.6 aJ) during the forced de-adhesion AFM experiments and showed significantly more adhesive and stronger bonds compared to LNCaP cells (20.1 aJ). The characteristic signatures of the detachment force traces revealed that, in contrast to the LNCaP cells, PC3 cells seem to utilize their filopodia in addition to establish adhesive bonds. Taken together, our study clearly demonstrates that PC3 cells have a superior adhesive affinity to bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells, compared to LNCaP. Semi-quantitative PCR on both prostate carcinoma cell lines revealed the expression of two Col-I binding integrin receptors, α1β1 and α2β1 in PC3 cells, suggesting their possible involvement in the specific interaction to the substrates. Further understanding of the exact mechanisms behind this phenomenon might lead to optimized therapeutic applications targeting the metastatic behavior of certain prostate cancer cells towards bone tissue

Uncovering Ultrastructural Defences in Daphnia magna — An Interdisciplinary Approach to Assess the Predator-Induced Fortification of the Carapace

The development of structural defences, such as the fortification of shells or exoskeletons, is a widespread strategy to reduce predator attack efficiency. In unpredictable environments these defences may be more pronounced in the presence of a predator. The cladoceran Daphnia magna (Crustacea: Branchiopoda: Cladocera) has been shown to develop a bulky morphotype as an effective inducible morphological defence against the predatory tadpole shrimp Triops cancriformis (Crustacea: Branchiopoda: Notostraca). Mediated by kairomones, the daphnids express an increased body length, width and an elongated tail spine. Here we examined whether these large scale morphological defences are accompanied by additional ultrastructural defences, i.e. a fortification of the exoskeleton. We employed atomic force microscopy (AFM) based nanoindentation experiments to assess the cuticle hardness along with tapping mode AFM imaging to visualise the surface morphology for predator exposed and non-predator exposed daphnids. We used semi-thin sections of the carapace to measure the cuticle thickness, and finally, we used fluorescence microscopy to analyse the diameter of the pillars connecting the two carapace layers. We found that D. magna indeed expresses ultrastructural defences against Triops predation. The cuticle in predator exposed individuals is approximately five times harder and two times thicker than in control daphnids. Moreover, the pillar diameter is significantly increased in predator exposed daphnids. These predator-cue induced changes in the carapace architecture should provide effective protection against being crushed by the predator's mouthparts and may add to the protective effect of bulkiness. This study highlights the potential of interdisciplinary studies to uncover new and relevant aspects even in extensively studied fields of research

The bend stiffness of S-DNA

We formulate and solve a two-state model for the elasticity of nicked, double-stranded DNA that borrows features from both the Worm Like Chain and the Bragg--Zimm model. Our model is computationally simple, and gives an excellent fit to recent experimental data through the entire overstretching transition. The fit gives the first value for the bending stiffness of the overstretched state as about 10 nm*kbt, a value quite different from either B-form or single-stranded DNA.Comment: 7 pages, 1 figur

Multi-site H-bridge breathers in a DNA--shaped double strand

We investigate the formation process of nonlinear vibrational modes representing broad H-bridge multi--site breathers in a DNA--shaped double strand. Within a network model of the double helix we take individual motions of the bases within the base pair plane into account. The resulting H-bridge deformations may be asymmetric with respect to the helix axis. Furthermore the covalent bonds may be deformed distinctly in the two backbone strands. Unlike other authors that add different extra terms we limit the interaction to the hydrogen bonds within each base pair and the covalent bonds along each strand. In this way we intend to make apparent the effect of the characteristic helicoidal structure of DNA. We study the energy exchange processes related with the relaxation dynamics from a non-equilibrium conformation. It is demonstrated that the twist-opening relaxation dynamics of a radially distorted double helix attains an equilibrium regime characterized by a multi-site H-bridge breather.Comment: 27 pages and 10 figure

Decoding Cytoskeleton-Anchored and Non-Anchored Receptors from Single-Cell Adhesion Force Data

AbstractComplementary to parameters established for cell-adhesion force curve analysis, we evaluated the slope before a force step together with the distance from the surface at which the step occurs and visualized the result in a two-dimensional density plot. This new tool allows detachment steps of long membrane tethers to be distinguished from shorter jumplike force steps, which are typical for cytoskeleton-anchored bonds. A prostate cancer cell line (PC3) immobilized on an atomic-force-microscopy sensor interacted with three different substrates: collagen-I (Col-I), bovine serum albumin, and a monolayer of bone marrow-derived stem cells (SCP1). To address PC3 cells’ predominant Col-I binding molecules, an antibody-blocking β1-integrin was used. Untreated PC3 cells on Col-I or SCP1 cells, which express Col-I, predominantly showed jumps in their force curves, while PC3 cells on bovine-serum-albumin- and antibody-treated PC3 cells showed long membrane tethers. The probability density plots thus revealed that β1-integrin-specific interactions are predominately anchored to the cytoskeleton, while the nonspecific interactions are mainly membrane-anchored. Experiments with latrunculin-A-treated PC3 cells corroborated these observations. The plots thus reveal details of the anchoring of bonds to the cell and provide a better understanding of receptor-ligand interactions

Mechanically induced silyl ester cleavage under acidic conditions investigated by AFM-based single-molecule force spectroscopy in the force-ramp mode

AFM-based dynamic single-molecule force spectroscopy was used to stretch carboxymethylated amylose (CMA) polymers, which have been covalently tethered between a silanized glass substrate and a silanized AFM tip via acid-catalyzed ester condensation at pH 2.0. Rupture forces were measured as a function of temperature and force loading rate in the force-ramp mode. The data exhibit significant statistical scattering, which is fitted with a maximum likelihood estimation (MLE) algorithm. Bond rupture is described with a Morse potential based Arrhenius kinetics model. The fit yields a bond dissociation energy De = 35 kJ mol−1 and an Arrhenius pre-factor A = 6.6 × 104 s−1. The bond dissociation energy is consistent with previous experiments under identical conditions, where the force-clamp mode was employed. However, the bi-exponential decay kinetics, which the force-clamp results unambiguously revealed, are not evident in the force-ramp data. While it is possible to fit the force-ramp data with a bi-exponential model, the fit parameters differ from the force-clamp experiments. Overall, single-molecule force spectroscopy in the force-ramp mode yields data whose information content is more limited than force-clamp data. It may, however, still be necessary and advantageous to perform force-ramp experiments. The number of successful events is often higher in the force-ramp mode, and competing reaction pathways may make force-clamp experiments impossible

Mechanically activated rupture of single covalent bonds: evidence of force induced bond hydrolysis.

We have used temperature-dependent single molecule force spectroscopy to stretch covalently anchored carboxymethylated amylose (CMA) polymers attached to an amino-functionalized AFM cantilever. Using an Arrhenius kinetics model based on a Morse potential as a one-dimensional representation of covalent bonds, we have extracted kinetic and structural parameters of the bond rupture process. With 35.5 kJ mol−1, we found a significantly smaller dissociation energy and with 9.0 × 102 s−1 to 3.6 × 103 s−1 also smaller Arrhenius pre-factors than expected for homolytic bond scission. One possible explanation for the severely reduced dissociation energy and Arrhenius pre-factors is the mechanically activated hydrolysis of covalent bonds. Both the carboxylic acid amide and the siloxane bond in the amino-silane surface linker are in principle prone to bond hydrolysis. Scattering, slope and curvature of the scattered data plots indicate that in fact two competing rupture mechanisms are observed

Stretching and relaxation dynamics in double stranded DNA

We study numerically the mechanical stability and elasticity properties of duplex DNA molecules within the frame of a network model incorporating microscopic degrees of freedom related with the arrangement of the base pairs. We pay special attention to the opening-closing dynamics of double-stranded DNA molecules which are forced into non-equilibrium conformations. Mechanical stress imposed at one terminal end of the DNA molecule brings it into a partially opened configuration. We examine the subsequent relaxation dynamics connected with energy exchange processes between the various degrees of freedom and structural rearrangements leading to complete recombination to the double-stranded conformation. The similarities and differences between the relaxation dynamics for a planar ladder-like DNA molecule and a twisted one are discussed in detail. In this way we show that the attainment of a quasi-equilibrium regime proceeds faster in the case of the twisted DNA form than for its thus less flexible ladder counterpart. Furthermore we find that the velocity of the complete recombination of the DNA molecule is lower than the velocity imposed by the forcing unit which is in compliance with the experimental observations for the opening-closing cycle of DNA molecules.Comment: 21 pages, 9 figure

There and (slowly) back again: Entropy-driven hysteresis in a model of DNA overstretching

When pulled along its axis, double-stranded DNA elongates abruptly at a force of about 65 pN. Two physical pictures have been developed to describe this overstretched state. The first proposes that strong forces induce a phase transition to a molten state consisting of unhybridized single strands. The second picture instead introduces an elongated hybridized phase, called S-DNA, structurally and thermodynamically distinct from standard B-DNA. Little thermodynamic evidence exists to discriminate directly between these competing pictures. Here we show that within a microscopic model of DNA we can distinguish between the dynamics associated with each. In experiment, considerable hysteresis in a cycle of stretching and shortening develops as temperature is increased. Since there are few possible causes of hysteresis in a system whose extent is appreciable in only one dimension, such behavior offers a discriminating test of the two pictures of overstretching. Most experiments are performed upon nicked DNA, permitting the detachment (`unpeeling') of strands. We show that the long-wavelength progression of the unpeeled front generates hysteresis, the character of which agrees with experiment only if we assume the existence of S-DNA. We also show that internal melting (distinct from unpeeling) can generate hysteresis, the degree of which is strongly dependent upon the nonextensive loop entropy of single-stranded DNA.Comment: 18 pages, 10 figure