The History of Science and Current Perspectives in Dialogue

Research on urban space has a long tradition in classical studies. Current research of ancient urban spaces continues on in this tradition. It is essential to determine the position of research history in order to define the prospects of current urban studies in a more dif- ferentiated way: only those who are conversant with the history-of-science determination of their respective fields are able, intuitively and critically, to put innovative approaches and methods to the test. Based on the projects of the research group C-6, the various threads of history-of-science developments will be outlined and the current approaches defined in the context of constant re- orientation and new orientation of classical urban studie

Finishing the euchromatic sequence of the human genome

The sequence of the human genome encodes the genetic instructions for human physiology, as well as rich information about human evolution. In 2001, the International Human Genome Sequencing Consortium reported a draft sequence of the euchromatic portion of the human genome. Since then, the international collaboration has worked to convert this draft into a genome sequence with high accuracy and nearly complete coverage. Here, we report the result of this finishing process. The current genome sequence (Build 35) contains 2.85 billion nucleotides interrupted by only 341 gaps. It covers ∼99% of the euchromatic genome and is accurate to an error rate of ∼1 event per 100,000 bases. Many of the remaining euchromatic gaps are associated with segmental duplications and will require focused work with new methods. The near-complete sequence, the first for a vertebrate, greatly improves the precision of biological analyses of the human genome including studies of gene number, birth and death. Notably, the human enome seems to encode only 20,000-25,000 protein-coding genes. The genome sequence reported here should serve as a firm foundation for biomedical research in the decades ahead

Crystal structures of lithium bis(trimethylsilyl)bismuthide : DME and of tetrakis(trimethylsilyl)dibismuthane as well as some comments on the crystal structure of bis(4-methoxyphenyl)ditellane (Trimethylsilyl derivatives of Vb elements ; 7)

Das farblose Lithium-bis(trimethylsilyl)bismutid · DME[Note ] 1 und das grüne, metallähnlich glänzende Tetrakis(trimethylsilyl)dibismutan 2 kristallisieren isotyp zu ihren jeweiligen Antimon-Homologen [1, 2]. Nach Röntgenstrukturanalysen {1: -90°C; I42d; a = 1017,3(4); c = 3738,0(26) pm; Z = 8; Rw = 0,065; 2: + 20°C; P21/c; a = 680,9(4); b = 1704,8(13); c = 1197,9 (10) pm; β = 119,46(6)°; Z = 2; Rw = 0,084} bilden beide Verbindungen im Festkörper Ketten. Beim Bismutid 1 bauen sie sich schraubenartig aus Bismut- und Lithiumatomen in alternierender Abfolge auf; durch Bindung zu zwei Trimethylsilyl-Substituenten bzw. zum Chelatliganden DME wird jeweils die Koordinationszahl 4 erreicht

Molecular and crystal structure of 1H-1,3-benzazaphosphole (Acyl- and alkylidenephosphines ; 30)

Das von Issleib u. Mitarb. [2] dargestellte 1H-1,3-Benzazaphosphol 2b kristallisiert orthorhombisch in der Raumgruppe Pna21 mit folgenden, bei einer Meßtemperatur Von -80 ± 3°C bestimmten Abmessungen der Elementarzelle: a = 828,6(2); b = 557,1(1); c = 1433,5(4) pm; Z = 4. Nach den Ergebnissen einer Röntgenstrukturanalyse (Rg = 0,061) weist das Molekül bei einem C-P=C-Winkel von nur 88,2(4)° eine auf 180,7(7) pm Verkürzte Einfach- und eine mit 169,5(9) pm typische Doppelbindung zwischen Den Kohlenstoffatomen und dem zweifach koordinierten Phosphoratom auf. Die übrigen Bindungslängen weichen kaum von den für die Homologen Benzimidazol 2a [3, 4] und 1H-1,3-Benzazarsol 2c [5] publizierten Werten ab. Obwohl bei allen drei Kristallstrukturen die gleiche Raumgruppe auftritt, sind nur die Heterocyclen 2b und 2c zueinander isotyp; die für Verbindung 2a charakteristischen intermolekularen Wasserstoffbrücken bilden sich bei den schwereren Homologen nicht mehr aus.1H-1,3-Benzazaphosphole synthesized by Issleib and coworkers [2], crystallizes in the orthorhombic space group Pna2 1 with following dimensions of the unit cell determined at a temperature of measurement of -80 ± 3°C: a = 828.6(2); b = 557.1(1); c = 1433.5(4) pm; Z = 4. An X-ray Structure Determination (Rg = 0.061) shows the molecule to be characterized by a rather narrow C-P=C angle of 88.2(4)° as well as a shortened single {180.7(7)} and a typical double bond {169.5(9) pm} between the carbon atoms and the twofold coordinate phosphorus. All the other bond lengths differ only scarcely from corresponding values of the homologues benzimidazole 2a [3, 4] and 1H-1,3-benzazarsole 2c [5]. In spite of the fact that all three solids crystallize in the same space group, only the heterocycles 2b and 2c are isotypic; intermolecular hydrogen bonds as found in 2a, are no longer present in the heavier homologues

Raman spectroscopic evidence for colinear arrangement in the solid state of thermochromic distibanes

The IR and Raman spectra of the compounds (CH3)2Sb-Sb(CH3)2 (I), [(CH3)3Si]2Sb-Sb[Si(CH3)3]2 (II), [(CH3)3Si]2As-As[Si(CH3)3]2 (III) and (C6H5)2Sb-Sb(C6H5)2 (IV) have been studied in the liquid and solid states. Given assignments for I to III are based on normal coordinate analyses, and force constants are reported. The solid state Raman spectra of I and II exhibit strong lines near 50 cm−1, which are assigned to the longitudinal acoustic mode of an infinite linear chain of Sb atoms. Intermolecular Sb…Sb force constants, 0.125 and 0.18 N cm−1, are determined for I and II respectively

Landscapes of Remembrance: Home and Memory in the Nineteenth-Century Bürgertum

This article examines the ways in which the nineteenth-century German middle class turned their homes into sites of family memory as part of a vibrant vernacular memory. The highly segmented organization of middle-class homes contributed to and grew out of this memory culture. The divisions of domestic space ascribed heightened meaning to particular zones, especially festive spaces like the “Christmas room.” Families filled domestic spaces with memory, putting family portraits and heirlooms on prominent display in the home. Middle-class Germans also filled the pages of personal memoirs with recollections of their childhood homes that almost always portrayed an idyllic environment. Ultimately, this article argues that family memory offers a window into the emotional universe of the nineteenth-century bourgeoisie and that the sanitizing narratives of family memory were used to impart a sense of stability and control

Impact of Fibroscan® on management of chronic viral hepatitis in clinical practice

Background. Liver stiffness measurement (LSM) using Fibroscan® is an increasingly popular non-invasive me¬thod for quantifying liver fibrosis in patients with chronic viral hepatitis. We aimed to explore potential im¬pact of Fibroscan® on clinical management.Material and methods. 133 patients with chronic hepatitis B (HBV, n = 75) or C (HCV, n = 58) underwent Fibroscan® measurement. LSM results were compared with li-ver biopsy results, ultrasound, and APRI-scores, and the impact of LSM on clinical management was evalua¬ted.Results. LSM results indicated fibrosis stage F0-F1 in 84 patients (63%), F2 in 28 (21%), F3 in 8 (6%), and F4 in 13 patients (10%). Nineteen patients had liver biopsies within one year of LSM. In ten patients, LSM and biopsy showed the same fibrosis stage, in 8 there was one stage difference, and in 1 three stages di¬fference. Ultrasound only showed cirrhosis in three patients, who all exhibited advanced cirrhosis at LSM. There was a statistically significant, but weak correlation between LSM results and APRI scores (r = 0.31, p-value < 0.001). LSM results changed clinical management in 39% of patients (55 cases): in 15 patients antivi¬ral treatment was indicated, in 21 patients surveillance for hepatocellular carcinoma was indicated, and 19 successfully treated hepatitis C patients could be discharged from clinical follow-up in absence of severe fibrosis or cirrhosis.Conclusion. LSM appears to be a valuable non-invasive tool to manage patients with chronic viral hepatitis in clinical practice

Metamizole/dipyrone for the relief of cancer pain: A systematic review and evidence-based recommendations for clinical practice

Background: Dipyrone (metamizole) is one of the most widely used non-opioid analgesics for the treatment of cancer pain. Aim: Because evidence-based recommendations are not yet available, a systematic review was conducted for the German Guideline Program in Oncology to provide recommendations for the use of dipyrone in cancer pain. Design: First, a systematic review for clinical trials assessing dipyrone in adult patients with cancer pain was conducted. Endpoints were pain intensity, opioid-sparing effects, safety, and quality of life. Data sources: The search was performed in MedLine, Embase (via Ovid), and the Cochrane Library (1948–2013) and additional hand search was conducted. Finally, recommendations were developed and agreed in a formal structured consensus process by 53 representatives of scientific medical societies and 49 experts. Results: Of 177 retrieved studies, 4 could be included (3 randomized controlled trials and 1 cohort study, n = 252 patients): dipyrone significantly decreased pain intensity compared to placebo, even if low doses (1.5–2 g/day) were used. Higher doses (3 × 2 g/day) were more effective than low doses (3 × 1 g/day), but equally effective as 60 mg oral morphine/day. Pain reduction of dipyrone and non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs did not differ significantly. Compared to placebo, non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, and morphine, the incidence of adverse effects was not increased. Conclusion: Dipyrone can be recommended for the treatment of cancer pain as an alternative to other non-opioids either alone or in combination with opioids. It can be preferred over non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs due to the presumably favorable side effect profile in long-term use, but comparative studies are not available for long-term use

Metamizole/dipyrone for the relief of cancer pain: A systematic review and evidence-based recommendations for clinical practice

Background: Dipyrone (metamizole) is one of the most widely used non-opioid analgesics for the treatment of cancer pain. Aim: Because evidence-based recommendations are not yet available, a systematic review was conducted for the German Guideline Program in Oncology to provide recommendations for the use of dipyrone in cancer pain. Design: First, a systematic review for clinical trials assessing dipyrone in adult patients with cancer pain was conducted. Endpoints were pain intensity, opioid-sparing effects, safety, and quality of life. Data sources: The search was performed in MedLine, Embase (via Ovid), and the Cochrane Library (1948-2013) and additional hand search was conducted. Finally, recommendations were developed and agreed in a formal structured consensus process by 53 representatives of scientific medical societies and 49 experts. Results: Of 177 retrieved studies, 4 could be included (3 randomized controlled trials and 1 cohort study, n=252 patients): dipyrone significantly decreased pain intensity compared to placebo, even if low doses (1.5-2g/day) were used. Higher doses (3x2g/day) were more effective than low doses (3x1g/day), but equally effective as 60mg oral morphine/day. Pain reduction of dipyrone and non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs did not differ significantly. Compared to placebo, non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, and morphine, the incidence of adverse effects was not increased. Conclusion: Dipyrone can be recommended for the treatment of cancer pain as an alternative to other non-opioids either alone or in combination with opioids. It can be preferred over non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs due to the presumably favorable side effect profile in long-term use, but comparative studies are not available for long-term use