Die Enstehung des Wiener Goethe-Denkmals an der Ringstraße

Kurz bevor das Schiller-Denkmal in Wien enthüllt wurde, rief Graf von Auersperg dem Goetheforscher Karl Julius Schröer zu: „Das nächste Denkmal muss in Wien nun ein Goethe-Denkmal sein!“ Am 4. Januar 1878 fand die Gründung des heute noch bestehenden Wiener Goethe-Vereins statt, der es sich zur Aufgabe machte Johann Wolfgang von Goethe in Wien ein Denkmal zu errichten. Die Entstehungsgeschichte nimmt einen Zeitraum von 22 Jahren ein und umfasste, neben der endgültigen Konkurrenz zwischen den bedeutenden Wiener Bildhauern Edmund Hellmer und Viktor Tilgner, noch einen innoffiziellen Wettbewerb. Für diesen schufen die Bildhauer Karl Kundmann, Rudolf Weyr, Josef Echteler, Percival M. F. Hedley, Edmund Hellmer, Viktor Tilgner, Otto König und Hans Bitterlich Entwürfe, die am 9. März 1890 im Künstlerhaus öffentlich präsentiert wurden. Danach wurden sie einmalig im Monatsblatt des Goethe-Vereins abgebildet und sind seitdem in Vergessenheit geraten. Im Zuge dieser Arbeit werden sie erstmals beschrieben, typologisiert und in die Denkmaltradition des 19. Jahrhunderts eingeordnet. Weiters wird auf bereits früher entstandene Denkmäler des Dichterfürsten eingegangen, das Thema „Goethe in der Kunst“ angeschnitten und das Wiener Goethe-Denkmal in den Kontext der anderen Künstlerdenkmäler der Ringstraße gestellt

Community Survey Results Show that Standardisation of Preclinical Imaging Techniques Remains a Challenge

Abstract Purpose To support acquisition of accurate, reproducible and high-quality preclinical imaging data, various standardisation resources have been developed over the years. However, it is unclear the impact of those efforts in current preclinical imaging practices. To better understand the status quo in the field of preclinical imaging standardisation, the STANDARD group of the European Society of Molecular Imaging (ESMI) put together a community survey and a forum for discussion at the European Molecular Imaging Meeting (EMIM) 2022. This paper reports on the results from the STANDARD survey and the forum discussions that took place at EMIM2022. Procedures The survey was delivered to the community by the ESMI office and was promoted through the Society channels, email lists and webpages. The survey contained seven sections organised as generic questions and imaging modality-specific questions. The generic questions focused on issues regarding data acquisition, data processing, data storage, publishing and community awareness of international guidelines for animal research. Specific questions on practices in optical imaging, PET, CT, SPECT, MRI and ultrasound were further included. Results Data from the STANDARD survey showed that 47% of survey participants do not have or do not know if they have QC/QA guidelines at their institutes. Additionally, a large variability exists in the ways data are acquired, processed and reported regarding general aspects as well as modality-specific aspects. Moreover, there is limited awareness of the existence of international guidelines on preclinical (imaging) research practices. Conclusions Standardisation of preclinical imaging techniques remains a challenge and hinders the transformative potential of preclinical imaging to augment biomedical research pipelines by serving as an easy vehicle for translation of research findings to the clinic. Data collected in this project show that there is a need to promote and disseminate already available tools to standardise preclinical imaging practices. </jats:sec

Medical physics and imaging-a timely perspective

Radiolog

Quantitative preclinical PET imaging: opportunities and challenges

PET imaging of metabolism involves many choices, from hardware settings, software options to animal handling considerations. How to decide what settings or conditions to use is not straightforward, as the experimental design is dependent on the particular science being investigated. There is no single answer, yet there are factors that are common to all experiments that are the subject of this review. From physics to physiology, there are many factors to consider, each of which can have a significant impact upon measurements of metabolism in vivo. This review examines the most common factors related to all types of quantitative PET imaging

Real-time data-driven motion correction in PET

Abstract PET imaging has been, and continues to be, an evolving diagnostic technology. In recent years, the modernizing digital landscape has opened new opportunities for data-driven innovation. One such facet has been data-driven motion correction (DDMC) in PET. As both research and industry propel this technology forward, we can recognize prospects and opportunities for further development. The concept of clinical practicality is supported by DDMC approaches—it is what sets them apart from traditional hardware-driven motion correction strategies that have largely not gained acceptance in routine diagnostic PET; the ease of use of DDMC may help propel acceptance of motion correction solutions in clinical practice. As we reflect on the present field, we should consider that DDMC can be made even more practical, and likely more impactful, if further developed to fit within a real-time acquisition framework. This vision for development is not new, but has been made more feasible with contemporary electronics, and has begun to be revisited in contemporary literature. The opportunities for development lie on a new forefront of innovation where medical physics integrates with engineering, data science, and modern computing capacities. Real-time DDMC is a systems integration challenge, and achieving it will require cooperation between hardware and software developers, and likely academia and industry. While challenges for development do exist, it is likely that we will see real-time DDMC come to fruition in the coming years. This effort may establish groundwork for developing similar innovations in the emerging digital innovation age

Pharmacokinetic modeling of P-glycoprotein function at the rat and human blood--brain barriers studied with (R)-[11C]verapamil positron emission tomography.

ABSTRACT: BACKGROUND: This study investigated the influence of P-glycoprotein (P-gp) inhibitor tariquidar on the pharmacokinetics of P-gp substrate radiotracer (R)-[11C]verapamil in plasma and brain of rats and humans by means of positron emission tomography (PET). METHODS: Data obtained from a preclinical and clinical study, in which paired (R)-[11C]verapamil PET scans were performed before, during, and after tariquidar administration, were analyzed using nonlinear mixed effects (NLME) modeling. Administration of tariquidar was included as a covariate on the influx and efflux parameters (Qin and Qout) in order to investigate if tariquidar increased influx or decreased outflux of radiotracer across the blood--brain barrier (BBB). Additionally, the influence of pilocarpine-induced status epilepticus (SE) was tested on all model parameters, and the brain-to-plasma partition coefficient (VT-NLME) was calculated. RESULTS: Our model indicated that tariquidar enhances brain uptake of (R)-[11C]verapamil by decreasing Qout. The reduction in Qout in rats during and immediately after tariquidar administration (sevenfold) was more pronounced than in the second PET scan acquired 2 h after tariquidar administration (fivefold). The effect of tariquidar on Qout in humans was apparent during and immediately after tariquidar administration (twofold reduction in Qout) but was negligible in the second PET scan. SE was found to influence the pharmacological volume of distribution of the central brain compartment Vbr1. Tariquidar treatment lead to an increase in VT-NLME, and pilocarpine-induced SE lead to increased (R)-[11C]verapamil distribution to the peripheral brain compartment. CONCLUSIONS: Using NLME modeling, we were able to provide mechanistic insight into the effects of tariquidar and SE on (R)-[11C]verapamil transport across the BBB in control and 48 h post SE rats as well as in humans

Assessing the Functional Redundancy between P-gp and BCRP in Controlling the Brain Distribution and Biliary Excretion of Dual Substrates with PET Imaging in Mice

P-glycoprotein (P-gp) and breast cancer resistance protein (BCRP) are co-localized at the blood–brain barrier, where they display functional redundancy to restrict the brain distribution of dual P-gp/BCRP substrate drugs. We used positron emission tomography (PET) with the metabolically stable P-gp/BCRP substrates [11C]tariquidar, [11C]erlotinib, and [11C]elacridar to assess whether a similar functional redundancy as at the BBB exists in the liver, where both transporters mediate the biliary excretion of drugs. Wild-type, Abcb1a/b(−/−), Abcg2(−/−), and Abcb1a/b(−/−)Abcg2(−/−) mice underwent dynamic whole-body PET scans after i.v. injection of either [11C]tariquidar, [11C]erlotinib, or [11C]elacridar. Brain uptake of all three radiotracers was markedly higher in Abcb1a/b(−/−)Abcg2(−/−) mice than in wild-type mice, while only moderately changed in Abcb1a/b(−/−) and Abcg2(−/−) mice. The transfer of radioactivity from liver to excreted bile was significantly lower in Abcb1a/b(−/−)Abcg2(−/−) mice and almost unchanged in Abcb1a/b(−/−) and Abcg2(−/−) mice (with the exception of [11C]erlotinib, for which biliary excretion was also significantly reduced in Abcg2(−/−) mice). Our data provide evidence for redundancy between P-gp and BCRP in controlling both the brain distribution and biliary excretion of dual P-gp/BCRP substrates and highlight the utility of PET as an upcoming tool to assess the effect of transporters on drug disposition at a whole-body level