Pre-harvest climate and post-harvest acclimation to cold prevent from superficial scald development in Granny smith apples

International audienceSuperficial scald is one of the most serious postharvest physiological disorders that may affect apples after a prolonged cold storage period. As little is known about its early determinism, we investigated the impact of pre- and post-harvest climatic variations on its incidence on a susceptible apple cultivar. Fruit batches with contrasted phenotype for superficial scald incidence were identified among several years of “Granny Smith” fruit production. The “low scald” year pre-harvest climate was characterised by a warm period followed by a sudden decrease in temperature, playing the part of an in vivo acclimation to cold storage. In agreement, a transcriptomic analysis at harvest revealed that many abiotic stress responsive genes were differentially expressed in fruit peel. In particular 48 Heat Shock Proteins (HSPs) and 5 Heat Shock transcription Factors (HSFs) were strongly induced at harvest when scald incidence was low after 4 months of cold storage. For “high scald” year, a post-harvest cold acclimation of 1 week was efficient to reduce scald incidence. Expression profiles of stress related genes were affected by the acclimation treatment and indicate fruit physiological adaptations to cold storage. The identified stress-responsive genes and in particular HSPs could be useful indicators of the fruit physiological status in order to predict the risk of scald occurrence as early as harvest

L’Autoportait fragmentaire

Dans la littérature et l’art contemporains, un certain nombre d’œuvres se définissent plus ou moins explicitement comme des autoportraits, tout en assumant, et même en revendiquant, une structure fragmentaire. Faites de pièces et de morceaux, hétérogènes, discontinues, recourant souvent à des supports multiples, elles s’inscrivent cependant dans la référence à un sujet unique, clairement identifié, à défaut d’être toujours unifié. De Roland Barthes par Roland Barthes (1975), initiateur de certaines formes contemporaines d’écriture de soi, à la toute récente collection « Traits et portraits », dont l’éditrice Colette Fellous dévoile ici les origines, un parcours se dessine à travers les genres, jalonné par les films de Jean-Luc Godard, les performances poétiques de Jacques Rebotier, le théâtre de Rodrigo Garcia, les photographies de Francis Helgorsky, les dessins d’Alberto Giacometti, ou le recueil de nouvelles, comme les Contes de Galicie d’Andrzej Stasiuk. Faut-il voir dans cette floraison d’autoportraits « en mosaïque » une dénégation de la « mort de l’auteur », par ceux-là même souvent qui l’avaient théorisée ou mise en œuvre, ou une autre forme de résistance à la constitution d’une figure d’auteur consacrée ? La réflexion présentée dans ce volume poursuit les recherches de l’équipe Traverses 19-21 (centre É.CRI.RE) récemment publiées dans Recherches & Travaux : « Figures paradoxales de l’Auteur » (n° 64) et « Fictions biographiques et arts visuels » (n° 68)

Interpretation of Genotype and Pharmacokinetics for Resistance to Fosamprenavir-Ritonavir-Based Regimens in Antiretroviral-Experienced Patients

In this study, named the Zephir study (Telzir-pharmacokinetics), 121 antiretroviral-experienced human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) patients failing on highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) were included in a prospective cohort and received a fosamprenavir-ritonavir (700 mg/100 mg twice a day)-based regimen. The impact of baseline HIV type 1 (HIV-1) mutations, pharmacokinetic (PK) parameters, and genotype inhibitory quotient (GIQ) on the virological response at week 12 (W12) was assessed. HIV reverse transcriptase and protease were sequenced at W0. The response at W12 was defined as <2.3 log(10) HIV-1 RNA copies/ml or a virus load decrease of ≥1 log(10) copies/ml. W4 amprenavir PK were determined by high-performance liquid chromatography. Patients had a median of nine previous treatments over 8 years. Median W0 values were as follows: 295 CD4(+)/μl, 4.4 log(10) HIV-1 RNA copies/ml, and 6 protease- and 5 nucleotide reverse transcription inhibitor-related mutations. Respective values for minimum concentration of drug in serum (C(min)) and area under the concentration-time curve (AUC) from 0 to 24 h were 1,400 ng/ml and 35 mg·h/ml. At W12, 52% of the patients were successes, with a median decrease of −0.7 log(10) HIV-1 RNA copies/ml. The Zephir mutation score included 12 IAS protease mutations associated with poorer virological response: L10I/F/R/V, L33F, M36I, M46I/L, I54L/M/T/V, I62V, L63P, A71I/L/V/T, G73A/C/F/T, V82A/F/S/T, I84V, L90M, and polymorphism mutations I13V, L19I, K55R, and L89M. Comparing <4 versus ≥4 mutations, HIV-1 RNA decreases were −2.3 log(10) copies/ml versus −0.1 log(10) copies/ml (P < 10(−4)) with 93% versus 19% successes (P < 10(−4)), respectively. This score predicted W12 failure with 94% sensitivity, versus 31% for the ANRS 2005 algorithm. C(min) (<1,600 ng/ml), AUC (<40 mg·h/ml), and GIQ (<300) values were associated with failure (all P values were <10(−4)). The need to test genotype-based algorithms using different patient databases before their implementation in clinical practice is highlighted. Specific mutations, PK and GIQ, provide relevant information for monitoring fosamprenavir-ritonavir-based HAART

De nouvelles pommes pour demain ! Premiers résultats d'une expérimentation nationale en réseau

National audienc

Pomme. Variétés résistantes. Une réelle opportunité pour la filière

National audienc

De nouvelles pommes pour demain ! 1ers résultats d'une expérimentation nationale en réseau

National audienc

Occupational Asbestos Exposure and Incidence of Colon and Rectal Cancers in French Men: The Asbestos-Related Diseases Cohort (ARDCo-Nut)

International audienceBackground : The relationships between asbestos exposure and colorectal cancer remain controversial.Objectives : We examined the association between asbestos exposure and colorectal cancer incidence. Methods : Volunteer retired workers previously exposed to asbestos were invited to participate in the French ARDCo screening program between 2003 and 2005. Additional data on risk factors for colorectal cancer were collected from the ARDCo-Nut subsample of 3,769 participants in 2011. Cases of colon and rectal cancer were ascertained each year through 2014 based on eligibility for free medical care following a cancer diagnosis. Survival regression based on the Cox model was used to estimate the relative risk of colon and rectal cancer separately, in relation to the time since first exposure (TSFE) and cumulative exposure index (CEI) to asbestos, and with adjustment for smoking in the overall cohort and for smoking, and certain risk factors for these cancers in the ARDCo-Nut subsample.Results : Mean follow-up was 10.2 years among 14,515 men, including 181 colon cancer and 62 rectal cancer cases (41 and 17, respectively, in the ARDCo-Nut subsample). In the overall cohort, after adjusting for smoking, colon cancer was significantly associated with cumulative exposure (HR = 1.14; 95% CI: 1.04, 1.26 for a 1-unit increase in ln-CEI) and ≥ 20–40 years since first exposure (HR = 4.67; 95% CI: 1.92, 11.46 vs. 0–20 years TSFE), and inversely associated with 60 years TSFE (HR = 0.26; 95% CI: 0.10, 0.70). Although rectal cancer was also associated with TSFE 20–40 years (HR = 4.57; 95% CI: 1.14, 18.27), it was not associated with ln-CEI, but these findings must be interpreted cautiously due to the small number of cases.Conclusions : Our findings provide support for an association between occupational exposure to asbestos and colon cancer incidence in men