Dropout, School Performance and Working while in School : An Econometric Model with Heterogeneous Groups

We develop an econometric model where the determinants of work while in school, dropout and academic grades are set in the context of two types of high school students: those who favor schooling and those who are more inclined to access rapidly the labor market. The individuals contributions to the likelihood function of this heterogeneous groups model are made or 48 terms of a standard quadrivariate normal function. Exploiting a unique Canadian microdata set of high school leavers, we show that being a female student, attending a private school and being part of a family of better educated parents matter to identify a high school student's preference for schooling over the labor market. We also found that working less than 15 hours per week while in school is not necessarily detrimental to success in school; that legal age to access the labor market is important in the decision to dropout; that high minimum wages are incremental for many students to dropout; and that low unemployment rates encourage dropout. Several policies aim to reduce dropout are derived from our results. Exploitant les données d'une enquête canadienne sur les sortants de l'école secondaire, nous trouvons que les déterminants de la performance scolaire, les déterminants de la décision de travailler ou non pendant les études secondaires et celle d'abandonner ou non l'école doivent prendre en considération l'existence de deux groupes distincts d'étudiants. Un premier groupe d'étudiants privilégie la scolarisation et la performance scolaire plutôt que le marché du travail. Le second groupe considère l'accès rapide au marché du travail comme prioritaire aux études et succès scolaire. En supposant que les termes d'erreurs des équations de ce modèle avec groupes hétérogènes sont corrélés, nous aboutissons à une série de termes d'un normale quadrivariée comme éléments de la fonction de vraisemblance de ce modèle. Les résultats économétriques montrent que d'être une femme, fréquenté une école privée et avoir des parents scolarisés augmentent la probabilité d'appartenir au groupe d'étudiants privilégiant les études. De plus, nous trouvons que travailler moins de 15 heures par semaines pendant les études a relativement peu d'effet sur la probabilité d'abandonner les études secondaires, que l'âge légal d'accès au marché du travail importe dans la décision d'abandon, que les salaires minimums influencent cette décision de même que la situation courante sur le marché du travail. Nous tirons de ce résultat plusieurs politiques d'intervention visant à réduire l'abandon des études secondaires.School dropout, hours of work during study, grades, model with heterogeneous groups, Abandon scolaire, travail pendant les études, performance, modèle avec groupes hétérogènes

Improving SMEs' guidance within public innovation supports

In the eighties, public bodies became aware of the importance of the SMEs in the regional economic development. In order to stimulate their innovativeness and to overcome their inward limits, public policies set up innovation agencies all over European countries. Criticisms arose after ten years of existence because of their low usefulness. This article aims to develop a better understanding of the relationship between SMEs and innovation agencies (RTTAs – Regional Technology Transfer Agencies) : it presents the implementation of a management scheme which experimented new solutions, in French SMEs, to overcome previous gaps. Our article seeks to enrich researches exploring the links between the SME and the RTTA ; it advocates new principles to improve SMEs' guidance in innovation processes.

Hunting in times of change: Uncovering indigenous strategies in the Colombian amazon using a role-playing game

Despite growing industrialization, the shift to a cash economy and natural resource overexploitation, indigenous people of the Amazon region hunt and trade wildlife in order to meet their livelihood requirements. Individual strategies, shaped by the hunters' values and expectations, are changing in response to the region's economic development, but they still face the contrasting challenges of poverty and overhunting. For conservation initiatives to be implemented effectively, it is crucial to take into account people's strategies with their underlying drivers and their adaptive capabilities within a transforming socio-economic environment. To uncover hunting strategies in the Colombian Amazon and their evolution under the current transition, we co-designed a role-playing game together with the local stakeholders. The game revolves around the tension between ecological sustainability and food security—hunters' current main concern. It simulates the mosaic of activities that indigenous people perform in the wet and dry season, while also allowing for specific hunting strategies. Socio-economic conditions change while the game unfolds, opening up to emerging alternative potential scenarios suggested by the stakeholders themselves. Do hunters give up hunting when given the opportunity of an alternative income and protein source? Do institutional changes affect their livelihoods? We played the game between October and December 2016 with 39 players—all of them hunters—from 9 different communities within the Ticoya reserve. Our results show that providing alternatives would decrease overall hunting effort, but impacts are not spatially homogenous. Legalizing trade could lead to overhunting except when market rules and competition come into place. When it comes to coupled human-nature systems, the best way forward to produce socially just and resilient conservation strategies might be to trigger an adaptive process of experiential learning and scenario exploration. The use of games as “boundary objects” can guide stakeholders through the process, eliciting the plurality of their strategies, their drivers and how outside change affects them

Record of glaciations off the east greenland coast over the last 400KYR : SM-ND isotopic signature of marine clays

We use Nd isotope signature of the clay-size fractions of sediments from the Southern Greenland rise to track deep current changes over the last climate cycle. Fine particle supplies to the Labrador Sea by Western Boundary UnderCurrent (WBUC) were strongly controlled by proximal ice-margin erosion and thus echoed the glacial stage intensity. In contrast, distal WBUC-controlled inputs from NE Atlantic have been less variable, except for a marked increase in surface-sediments that suggests unique modern conditions

Anorexia nervosa and nutritional assessment: contribution of body composition measurements

The psychiatric condition of patients suffering from anorexia nervosa (AN) is affected by their nutritional status. An optimal assessment of the nutritional status of patients is fundamental in understanding the relationship between malnutrition and the psychological symptoms. The present review evaluates some of the available methods for measuring body composition in patients with AN. We searched literature in Medline using several key terms relevant to the present review in order to identify papers. Only articles in English or French were reviewed. A brief description is provided for each body composition technique, with its applicability in AN as well as its limitation. All methods of measuring body composition are not yet validated and/or feasible in patients with AN. The present review article proposes a practical approach for selecting the most appropriate methods depending on the setting, (i.e. clinical v. research) and the goal of the assessment (initial v. follow-up) in order to have a more personalised treatment for patients suffering from A

Services environnementaux des paysages. Labelliser les paysages ruraux

International audienceLandscapes are designated as heritage sites because they are either outstanding, threatened or neglected. But what about the rural landscapes that provide agricultural products and environmental services? Awarding them a label and rewarding the people who shape them with payments for environmental services (PES) would be a way of recognising their value.Les paysages sont reconnus au titre du patrimoine, parce qu'ils sont remarquables, menacés ou délaissés. Qu'en est-il des paysages ruraux qui fournissent produits agricoles et services environnementaux ? Leur attribuer un label et rémunérer ceux qui les façonnent avec des paiements pour services environnementaux (PSE) permettrait d'en reconnaître la valeur

Key Results from Science Europe and Global Research Council Surveys. Survey report

"Open Access Publishing Policies in Science Europe Member Organisations: Key Results from Science Europe and Global Research Council Surveys": D/2016/13.324/8.In 2016, Open Access (OA) to scholarly publications received renewed political attention as part of a wider agenda for ‘Open Science’ highlighted by the Dutch Presidency of the Council of the EU. Against this background, this survey report highlights some of the efforts made by public research organisations in Europe over the past few years to develop and implement OA policies. It also lists some remaining challenges that need to be met in order to facilitate and accelerate the transition towards full OA for all scholarly publications by 2020, as called for in the conclusions on ‘The Transition Towards an Open Science System’ adopted by the Council of the EU on 27 May 2016.This survey report presents an overview of the development of the OA policies of Science Europe Member Organisations (SE MOs) up to 2014; these are major European public Research Funding Organisations (RFOs) and Research Performing Organisations (RPOs). The report is based on information gathered through two surveys conducted in late 2012 and early 2014. The survey analysis, verification of data and consolidation of the report were carried out over the two years prior to the publication of the survey report, and include data relevant up to 2014.Peer reviewe

Fonctionnement hydrologique des bassins versants de roches métamorphiques : exemple du bassin versant des Maurets (massif des Maures, Var, France)

7 tableaux ; 40 figuresL'étude met l'accent sur le rôle de l'anisotropie des roches métamorphiques, et tout particulièrement de la relation entre la direction de la pente des versants et celle des structures planaires des roches, dans la circulation des eaux. Le bassin versant des Maurets (8,37 km2) dispose, avec quatre stations limnigraphiques et trois pluviographes, d'un équipement adapté à la poursuite de l'objectif défini. L'étude hydrologique menée sur ce bassin versant montre que les secteurs où les versants présentent une pente perpendiculaire à la direction des structures planaires des roches stockent beaucoup d'eau et la restituent lentement. Les secteurs où les directions de la pente et des structures planaires sont perpendiculaires, se révèlent favorables à la circulation rapide des eaux et alimentent les crues. Toutefois l'influence de la relation entre les roches et la topographie devient négligeable lorsque des altérites très épaisses emmagasinent de grandes quantités d'eau qu'elles restituent très difficilement