The dependence of convective core overshooting on stellar mass: reality check, and additional evidence

Overshooting from the convective cores of stars more massive than about 1.2 M(Sun) has a profound impact on their subsequent evolution. And yet, the formulation of the overshooting mechanism in current stellar evolution models has a free parameter (f[ov] in the diffusive approximation) that remains poorly constrained by observations, affecting the determination of astrophysically important quantities such as stellar ages. In an earlier series of papers we assembled a sample of 37 well-measured detached eclipsing binaries to calibrate the dependence of f[ov] on stellar mass, showing that it increases sharply up to a mass of roughly 2 M(Sun), and remains constant thereafter out to at least 4.4 M(Sun). Recent claims have challenged the utility of eclipsing binaries for this purpose, on the basis that the uncertainties in f[ov] from the model fits are typically too large to be useful, casting doubt on a dependence of overshooting on mass. Here we reexamine those claims and show them to be too pessimistic, mainly because they did not account for all available constraints --- both observational and theoretical --- in assessing the true uncertainties. We also take the opportunity to add semi-empirical f[ov] determinations for 13 additional binaries to our previous sample, and to update the values for 9 others. All are consistent with, and strengthen our previous conclusions, supporting a dependence of f[ov] on mass that is now based on estimates for a total of 50 binary systems (100 stars).Comment: 14 pages in emulateapj format, including figures and tables. Accepted for publication in The Astrophysical Journal. One duplicate object has been removed, and the tables and one figure have been update

The internal structure of neutron stars and white dwarfs, and the Jacobi virial equation. II

In a previous paper we have shown that the function \Gamma(M, EOS)=\alpha\beta_{GR}/\Lambda^{0.9}(R) is constant (~ 0.4) for pre main-sequence stars (PMS), white dwarfs (WD) and for some neutron star (NS) models, where \alpha_{GR} and \beta_{GR} are the form-factors of the gravitational potential energy and of the moment of inertia. To investigate the structural evolution of another type of celestial bodies, we use the MESA code to extend these calculations to gaseous planets. We show that this function is conserved for all models during the whole planetary evolution and is independent of the planet mass. We also analyse the cases for which this function is not conserved during some stellar evolutionary phases. For the PMS to the WD cooling sequences, we have found a connection between the strong variations of \Gamma(M, EOS) during the intermediary evolutionary phases and the specific nuclear power. A threshold for the specific nuclear power was determined. Below this limit this function is invariant (~ 0.4) for these models, i.e., at the initial and final stages (PMS and WD). Concerning NS, we study the influence of the equation of state (EOS) on this function and refine the exponent of the auxiliary function \Lambda(R) to be ~ 0.8. It is shown that the function \Gamma(M, EOS) is also invariant (~ 0.4) and is independent of the EOS and of the stellar mass. Therefore, we confirm that regardless of the final products of the stellar evolution, NS or WD, they recover the initial value of \Gamma(M, EOS) ~ 0.4 acquired at the PMS. Finally, we have introduced a macroscopic stability "criterion" for neutron star models based on the properties of the relativistic product \alpha\beta_{GR}.Comment: 6 pages, 5 figures, v3: editorial changes, identical to published versio

Limb and gravity-darkening coefficients for the TESS satellite at several metallicities, surface gravities, and microturbulent velocities

We present new gravity and limb-darkening coefficients for a wide range of effective temperatures, gravities, metallicities, and microturbulent velocities. These coefficients can be used in many different fields of stellar physics as synthetic light curves of eclipsing binaries and planetary transits, stellar diameters, line profiles in rotating stars, and others. The limb-darkening coefficients were computed specifically for the photometric system of the space mission TESS and were performed by adopting the least-square method. In addition, the linear and bi-parametric coefficients, by adopting the flux conservation method, are also available. On the other hand, to take into account the effects of tidal and rotational distortions, we computed the passband gravity-darkening coefficients $y(\lambda)$ using a general differential equation in which we consider the effects of convection and of the partial derivative $\left(\partial{\ln I(\lambda)}/{\partial{\ln g}}\right)_{T_{\rm eff}}$. To generate the limb-darkening coefficients we adopt two stellar atmosphere models: ATLAS (plane-parallel) and PHOENIX (spherical, quasi-spherical, and $r$-method). The specific intensity distribution was fitted using five approaches: linear, quadratic, square root, logarithmic, and a more general one with four terms. These grids cover together 19 metallicities ranging from 10$^{-5}$ up to 10$^{+1}$ solar abundances, 0 $\leq$ log g $\leq$ 6.0 and 1500 K $\leq$ T$_{\rm eff}$ $\leq$ 50000 K. The calculations of the gravity-darkening coefficients were performed for all plane-parallel ATLAS models

A new method to compute limb-darkening coefficients for stellar atmosphere models with spherical symmetry: the space missions TESS, Kepler, Corot, and MOST

One of the biggest problems we can encounter while dealing with the limb-darkening coefficients for stellar atmospheric models with spherical symmetry is the difficulty of adjusting both the limb and the central parts simultaneously. In particular, the regions near the drop-offs are not well reproduced for most models, depending on Teff, log g, or wavelength. Even if the law with four terms is used, these disagreements still persist. Here we introduce a new method that considerably improves the description of both the limb and the central parts and that will allow users to test models of stellar atmospheres with spherical symmetry more accurately in environments such as exoplanetary transits, eclipsing binaries, etc. The method introduced here is simple. Instead of considering all the $\mu$ points in the adjustment, as is traditional, we consider only the points until the drop-off ($\mu_{cri}$) of each model. From this point, we impose a condition ${I(\mu)}/{I (1)} = 0$. All calculations were performed by adopting the least-squares method. The resulting coefficients using this new method reproduce the intensity distribution of the PHOENIX spherical models (COND and DRIFT) quite well for the photometric systems of the space missions {{\sc TESS}}, {{\sc KEPLER}}, {{\sc COROT}}, and {{\sc MOST}}. The calculations cover the following ranges of local gravity and effective temperatures: 2.5 $\leq$ log g $\leq$ 6.0 and 1500 K $\leq$ T$_{\rm eff}$ $\leq$ 12000 K. The new spherical coefficients can easily be adapted to the most commonly used light curve synthesis codes

Capella (alpha Aurigae) revisited: New binary orbit, physical properties, and evolutionary state

Knowledge of the chemical composition and absolute masses of Capella are key to understanding the evolutionary state of this benchmark binary system comprising two giant stars. Previous efforts, including our own 2009 study, have largely failed to reach an acceptable agreement between the observations and current stellar evolution models, preventing us from assessing the status of the primary. Here we report a revision of the physical properties of the components incorporating recently published high-precision radial velocity measurements, and a new detailed chemical analysis providing abundances for more than 20 elements in both stars. We obtain highly precise (to about 0.3%) masses of 2.5687 +/- 0.0074 and 2.4828 +/- 0.0067 solar masses, radii of 11.98 +/- 0.57 and 8.83 +/- 0.33 solar radii, effective temperatures of 4970 +/- 50 K and 5730 +/- 60 K, and independently measured luminosities based on the orbital parallax (78.7 +/- 4.2 and 72.7 +/- 3.6 solar luminosities). We find an excellent match to stellar evolution models at the measured composition of [Fe/H] = -0.04 +/- 0.06. Three different sets of models place the primary star firmly at the end of the core helium-burning phase (clump), while the secondary is known to be evolving rapidly across the Hertzprung gap. The measured lithium abundance, the C/N ratio, and the 12C/13C isotopic carbon abundance ratio, which change rapidly in the giant phase, are broadly in agreement with expectations from models. Predictions from tidal theory for the spin rates, spin-orbit alignment, and other properties do not fare as well, requiring a 40-fold increase in the efficiency of the dissipation mechanisms in order to match the observations.Comment: 15 pages in emulateapj format, including figures and tables, accepted for publication in The Astrophysical Journa

Las constituciones de los hospitales y los cuidados enfermeros en la España de los Austrias (siglos xvi-xvii)

El siglo XVI conoce en España un importante cambio de mentalidad en lo referente a materia de salud. Las consecuencias de ello fueron la reforma de los hospitales y la aplicación de nuevas formas de curar y cuidar a los enfermos. Las constituciones elaboradas para estos nuevos hospitales reflejan, en cierta medida, estos cambios y asumen las propuestas que la ciencia médica promueve desde la literatura especializada. En este trabajo se estudia la profunda imbricación existente entre las nuevas constituciones de hospitales castellanos de fines del siglo XVI y todo el XVII y los cuidados en ellos prestados por un personal enfermero cada vez más formado y especializado. Por otra parte, el hospital se erige en un centro diseñado también para tratar el desequilibrio espiritual que padecen los enfermos y marginales.The 16th century in Spain knows an important change of mentality in relation to health. The consequences of this were the reform of hospitals and the implementation of new ways of treatment and of taking care of sick people. The constitutions drawn up for these new hospitals reflect, to some extent, these changes and assume the proposals promoted by medical science from specialized literature. This paper explores the deep existing interweaving between the new constitutions of Castilian hospitals at the end of the 16th and 17th century and the care they provided by a nursing staff, more and more trained and specialized. On the other hand, the hospital stands in a facility designed to treat the spiritual imbalance that the sick or the poor tramp in them suffered as a result of their social marginalization

Implications of mitochondrial dynamics on neurodegeneration and on hypothalamic dysfunction

Mitochondrial dynamics is a term that encompasses the movement of mitochondria along the cytoskeleton, regulation of their architecture, and connectivity mediated by tethering and fusion/fission. The importance of these events in cell physiology and pathology has been partially unraveled with the identification of the genes responsible for the catalysis of mitochondrial fusion and fission. Mutations in two mitochondrial fusion genes (MFN2 and OPA1) cause neurodegenerative diseases, namely Charcot-Marie Tooth type 2A and autosomal dominant optic atrophy. Alterations in mitochondrial dynamics may be involved in the pathophysiology of prevalent neurodegenerative conditions. Moreover, impairment of the activity of mitochondrial fusion proteins dysregulates the function of hypothalamic neurons, leading to alterations in food intake and in energy homeostasis. Here we review selected findings in the field of mitochondrial dynamics and their relevance for neurodegeneration and hypothalamic dysfunction

Del papel al CD-ROM. Reflexiones sobre el tratamiento de fuentes históricas con técnicas informáticas

El presente trabajo se estructura en dos partes. En la primera, analizamos las posibilidades que ofrecen los nuevos soportes informáticos, concretamente el CD-ROM, para la edición de fuentes históricas. Ya hace algunos años que distintas instituciones han emprendido la tarea de publicar facsímiles de códices e incunables, aunque todavía está algo lejos el que sean los propios Departamentos universitarios los que emprendan directamente proyectos de este tipo. No obstante, con el desarrollo de las tecnologías de grabación y el abaratamiento de los costos, las posibilidades se han incrementado notablemente. En la segunda parte de la comunicación comentamos las posibilidades que ofrece para los paleógrafos una herramienta de creación de fuentes para su uso en cualquier procesador de textos para Windows. Partiendo de una lámina con escritura Carolina, gótica o de otro tipo, podemos extraer los signos y convertirlos en su conjunto en una fuente True Type, y de este modo emplearla con todas las prestaciones que ofrece cualquier otra fuente que tengamos instalada en nuestro PCThe present paper is structured in two parts. In the first one, we analyze the possibilities that new computer supports offer, concretely CD-ROM, to edit historical sources. Different institutions have already undertaken the task of publishing facsímiles of codex and incunabular, although it is still far that our own university Departments undertake directly projects of this type. Nevertheless, the development of the recording technologies and the depreciation of costs have notably increased this possibilities. In the second part of the paper we comment the possibilities a tool to create sources offers to palaeography's teacher using it in any word processor for Windows. From a sheet with caroligian, gothic or of another script, we can extract the signs and to transform them into a True Type source to use it with all the benefits as any other source that we have installed in our PCLe présent travail est en deux parties. Dans une première, nous analysons les possibilités offertes par les nouveaux supports informatiques, plus spécialement le CD-ROM, pour l’édition de sources historiques. Les diverses institutions ont entrepris voici quelques années d'éditer des facsímiles de manuscrits et incunables, alors que les Départements universitaires ne sont pas encoré disposes à entreprendre ce type de publication. Cependant, grâce au développement des technologies de l'enregistrement et la diminution des coûts, des possibilités sont réelles. Dans une seconde partie, nous commentons les opportunités offertes aux professeurs de Paléographie de créer une tanque de données pour leur usage personnel lors d'un traitement de texte sous Windows. Partant d'une planche photographique au texte en écriture caroline, Gothique ou autre, nous pouvons en extraire les signes pour les convertir sous une pólice de caractére "True Type", et de cette façon la traiter comme n'importe quelle autre source grâce aux fonctions installées sur notre P