LES ESCARGOTS BIO-INDICATEURS DE LA QUALITE DES SOLS - Snail watch : analyse en laboratoire ou in situ de la biodisponibilité des contaminants

http://www2.ademe.fr/servlet/KBaseShow?sort=-1&cid=96&m=3&catid=10143fiche outil 4 pagesCe document est une fiche outil présentant les possibilités d'utilisation des escargots pou analyse en laboratoire ou in situ de la biodisponibilité des contaminants. Cette fiche a été mise en ligne sur le site de l'ADEME/ sites pollués et sols/ outils méthodologiques: http://www2.ademe.fr/servlet/KBaseShow?sort=-1&cid=96&m=3&catid=1014

Temporal Trends of Organochlorine and Perfluorinated Contaminants in a Terrestrial Raptor in Northern Europe Over 34 years (1986–2019)

Fourteen legacy organochlorine (OC) contaminants and 12 perfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) were measured in eggs of tawny owls (Strix alueco) in central Norway (1986–2019). We expected OCs to have reached stable equilibrium levels due to bans, and that recent phase-out of some PFASs would have slowed the increase of these compounds. ∑OC comprised on average approximately 92% of the measured compounds, whereas ∑PFAS accounted for approximately 8%. However, whereas the ∑OC to ∑PFAS ratio was approximately 60 in the first 5 years of the study, it was only approximately 11 in the last 5 years. Both OC pesticides and polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) showed substantial declines over the study period (~85%–98%): hexachlorocyclohexanes and chlordanes seemed to be levelling off, whereas p,p′-dichlorodiphenyldichloroethylene (p,p′-DDE) and hexachlororbenzene (HCB), and most PCB congeners still seemed to decline at a more or less constant rate. While the concentration of perfluorooctane sulfonic acid (PFOS), the dominating PFAS, was reduced by approximately 43%, other perfluorinated sulfonates (PFSAs) showed only minor changes. Moreover, the median concentrations of seven perfluorinated carboxylic acids (PFCAs) increased approximately five-fold over the study period. Perfluorononanoic acid and perfluoroundecanoate acid, however, seemed to be levelling off in recent years. In contrast, perfluorododecanoic acid, perfluorodecanoate acid, perfluorotridecanoic acid, and perfluorotetradecanoic acid seemed to increase more or less linearily. Finally, perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) was increasingly likely to be detected over the study period. Hence, most legacy OCs and PFOS have not reached a lower threshold with stable background levels, and voluntary elimination of perfluoroalkyl carboxylates still has not resulted in declining levels in tawny owls in central Norway

Chemical extractions and predicted free ion activities fail to estimate metal transfer from soil to field land snails.

International audienceThis study investigates the relevance of several soil chemical extractions (calcium chloride, acetic acid, citric acid and a four-step sequential procedure) and predicted free metal ion activities in the soil solution to characterise the transfer of trace metals (Cd, Pb, and Zn) from soil to snail soft tissues over a large smelter-impacted area (Metaleurop Nord, Nord-Pas-de-Calais, France). The study was first performed on six snail species together and then specifically on Cepaea sp. and Oxychilus draparnaudi. When the six species were considered together, the accumulation of metals depended mostly on the species. When significant, total or extractable metal concentrations, or the predicted free ion activities, accounted for less than 7% of the variation of the metal concentrations in the snail tissues. Species-specific analyses showed that extractable concentrations explained approximately 25% of the variation of the metal concentrations in O. draparnaudi, and up to 8% in Cepaea snails. When using total soil concentrations and soil properties as explanatory variables, the models were generally slightly better, explaining up to 42% of the variance. The soil extraction procedures and predicted free ion activities used in this study did not accurately estimate the metal transfer from soil to snails and could not be used in risk assessment

The impact of climate sensitive factors on the exposure to organohalogenated contaminants in an aquatic bird exploiting both marine and freshwater habitats

To assess how climate-sensitive factors may affect the exposure to organochlorines (OCs) and perfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs), we monitored concentrations in eggs of the common goldeneye (Bucephala clangula) over two decades (1999–2019) in central Norway. The goldeneye alternates between marine and freshwater habitats and is sensitive to climate variation, especially due to alterations in ice conditions which may affect feeding conditions. We assessed how biological factors such as diet (stable isotopes δ13C and δ15N), the onset of egg laying, and physical characteristics such as winter climate (North Atlantic Oscillation: NAOw) influenced exposure. We predicted compounds to show different temporal trends depending on whether they were still in production (i.e. some PFASs) or have been banned (i.e. legacy OCs and some PFASs). Therefore, we controlled for potential temporal trends in all analyses. There were declining trends for α- and γ-hexachlorocyclohexane (HCH), oxychlordane, cis-chlordane, cis-nonachlor, p,p′-dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (p.p′-DDT) and less persistent polychlorinated biphenyl (PCB) congeners (e.g. PCB101). In contrast, the dominant compounds, such as p,p′-dichlorodiphenyldichloroethylene (p,p′-DDE) and persistent PCB congeners, were stable, whereas hexachlorobenzene (HCB) increased over time. Most OCs were positively related to δ15N, suggesting higher exposure in birds feeding at upper trophic levels. Chlordanes and HCB were positively associated with δ13C, indicating traces of marine input for these compounds, whereas the relationships to most PCBs were negative. Among PFASs, perfluorooctanesulfonamide (PFOSA) and perfluorohexane sulfonic acid (PFHxS) declined. Most PFASs were positively associated with δ13C, whereas there were no associations with δ15N. Egg laying date was positively associated to perfluoroheptanesulfonic acid (PFHpS), perfluorooctanesulfonic acid (PFOS) and perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA), suggesting that some of the PFAS load originated from the wintering locations. Although NAOw had little impact on the exposure to organohalogenated contaminants, factors sensitive to climate change, especially diet, were associated with the exposure to OHCs in goldeneyes

Tracking pan-continental trends in environmental contamination using sentinel raptors — what types of samples should we use?

Biomonitoring using birds of prey as sentinel species has been mooted as a way to evaluate the success of European Union directives that are designed to protect people and the environment across Europe from industrial contaminants and pesticides. No such pan-European evaluation currently exists. Coordination of such large scale monitoring would require harmonisation across multiple countries of the types of samples collected and analysed-matrices vary in the ease with which they can be collected and the information they provide. We report the first ever pan-European assessment of which raptor samples are collected across Europe and review their suitability for biomonitoring. Currently, some 182 monitoring programmes across 33 European countries collect a variety of raptor samples, and we discuss the relative merits of each for monitoring current priority and emerging compounds. Of the matrices collected, blood and liver are used most extensively for quantifying trends in recent and longer-term contaminant exposure, respectively. These matrices are potentially the most effective for pan-European biomonitoring but are not so widely and frequently collected as others. We found that failed eggs and feathers are the most widely collected samples. Because of this ubiquity, they may provide the best opportunities for widescale biomonitoring, although neither is suitable for all compounds. We advocate piloting pan-European monitoring of selected priority compounds using these matrices and developing read-across approaches to accommodate any effects that trophic pathway and species differences in accumulation may have on our ability to track environmental trends in contaminants

Spatially Explicit Analysis of Metal Transfer to Biota: Influence of Soil Contamination and Landscape

Concepts and developments for a new field in ecotoxicology, referred to as “landscape ecotoxicology,” were proposed in the 1990s; however, to date, few studies have been developed in this emergent field. In fact, there is a strong interest in developing this area, both for renewing the concepts and tools used in ecotoxicology as well as for responding to practical issues, such as risk assessment. The aim of this study was to investigate the spatial heterogeneity of metal bioaccumulation in animals in order to identify the role of spatially explicit factors, such as landscape as well as total and extractable metal concentrations in soils. Over a smelter-impacted area, we studied the accumulation of trace metals (TMs: Cd, Pb and Zn) in invertebrates (the grove snail Cepaea sp and the glass snail Oxychilus draparnaudi) and vertebrates (the bank vole Myodes glareolus and the greater white-toothed shrew Crocidura russula). Total and CaCl2-extractable concentrations of TMs were measured in soils from woody patches where the animals were captured. TM concentrations in animals exhibited a high spatial heterogeneity. They increased with soil pollution and were better explained by total rather than CaCl2-extractable TM concentrations, except in Cepaea sp. TM levels in animals and their variations along the pollution gradient were modulated by the landscape, and this influence was species and metal specific. Median soil metal concentrations (predicted by universal kriging) were calculated in buffers of increasing size and were related to bioaccumulation. The spatial scale at which TM concentrations in animals and soils showed the strongest correlations varied between metals, species and landscapes. The potential underlying mechanisms of landscape influence (community functioning, behaviour, etc.) are discussed. Present results highlight the need for the further development of landscape ecotoxicology and multi-scale approaches, which would enhance our understanding of pollutant transfer and effects in ecosystems

Apport des outils de modélisation dans l'éRé

National audienceDe nombreux modèles peuvent être utiles dans le cadre de l'évaluation des risques pour les écosystèmes (éRé), par exemple pour prédire les concentrations dans l'environnement (transfert sols-aquifères, dispersion, dépôts atmosphériques...), l'exposition des organismes aux polluants présents dans l'environnement, ou encore les effets des polluants sur les organismes (relations concentrations internes/effets mesurés, extrapolation de données individuelles pour évaluer des effets populationnels, extrapolation d'effets entre espèces...). Nous nous focaliserons ici sur les apports de la modélisation pour l'évaluation de l'exposition et la caractérisation du risque. L'évaluation de l'exposition est en effet un point-clé de la démarche globale d'éRé, et fait l'objet actuellement de nombreuses recherches car l'exposition reste difficile à quantifier. Les logiciels d'éRé TERRASYS et BERISP-DSS sont présentés

UTILISATION INTEGREE DE BIOINDICATEURS POUR LA SURVEILLANCE DES SOLS ET DES ECOSYSTEMES TERRESTRES

Transfer and effects of 3 metal trace elements (MTEs: Cd, Pb and Zn) in terrestrial food webs were studied over a 40 km2-area polluted by the former smelter Metaleurop Nord (France). The objectives were (i) to identify main factors explaining MTE concentrations in soils and studied animals, to determine scales of action of these variables and whether landscape modulate contaminations; (ii) to measure responses of considered species at various biological organization levels and to investigate relationships between responses of individuals and/or populations. Samplings of soils in woody habitats (suitable habitats for studied species), and several species of land snails and small mammals were performed during 3 consecutive years over two seasons. The spatial distribution analysis of soil contamination shows that variables explaining total soil concentrations (distance from the source, frequency of wind) act at relatively large spatial scales, while local factors (soil characteristics, notably pH) determine CaCl2-extracted soil concentrations (considered as available). Geostatistical methods of spatial interpolation, namely ordinary and universal kriging, allowed to produce soil contamination maps covering the whole study area and to establish a spatial risk assessment for invertebrates and vertebrates of woody habitats (based on US EPA Eco-SSLs). Relationships between MTE concentrations in animals and in soils were studied in sympatric snail species (Cepaea sp and Oxychilus draparnaudi) and small mammal species (the greater white-toothed shrew Crocidura russula and the bank vole Myodes glareolus) having contrasted diet. Internal concentrations increase with soil contamination and are always better explained by total rather than CaCl2-extracted soil MTE concentrations, except in Cepaea sp. Landscape influences accumulated MTE levels and their increase along soil pollution gradient. The spatial scale for which correlation between internal and soil MTE concentrations was at best differed between species and landscape types. Both physiological and ecological factors, such as diet and also habitat preference and habitat exploitation, modulate MTE bioaccumulation. The influence of receptor characteristics (sex, age, diet...) on accumulation and sequestration of MTEs was studied in several sympatric small mammals (wood mouse Apodemus sylvaticus, bank vole, common shrew Sorex araneus and pygmy shrew Sorex minutus). Age more than gender, and species more than trophic level, influence MTE and metallothionein (MT) levels and their relationships. Three patterns of relationships between MTE accumulation abilities and MTs production were identified. Individual health assessments suggest that receptor sensibility to MTEs (shrew < vole < wild mice) decrease when their MT production capability increase. Measure of MTs solely does not constitute a relevant exposure biomarker, however is necessary for interpretation of deleterious effect probability of occurrence. Temporal variability of MTE accumulation was studied in the bank vole, showing inter-annual and inter-seasonal differences. Whereas Pb (liver and kidneys) exhibit inter-seasonal variations (spring < autumn), both Cd and Zn have different patterns among organs, and inter-annual variations without straight seasonal effect. Potential adaptation to pollution in two autochthonous land snail species of study site, common garden snail Cantareus aspersus (formerly Helix aspersa) and grove (or brown-lipped) snail Cepaea nemoralis was investigated: offspring of parents from 2 origins (exposed to MTEs or not) were exposed in in situ microcosms within a cross-transplantation study. Analysis of MTE accumulation (biota-soil accumulation factor, kinetic modelling) does not show adaptation. However, shell characteristics suggest both acclimatization and adaptive processes through Ca metabolism modification. Present work show that analysis of organism responses to environmental pollution must be based on several parameters (bioaccumulation, biomarker, health index, population...), and that understanding the significance of a single measure necessitate to put it in perspective within its global context, moving across perception levels (biological organization level, temporal and spatial contexts). Within ecological risk assessment framework and pollution biomonitoring, our work emphasizes the need of long-term monitoring and the necessity to develop procedures over relevant spatial ranges in respect with ecological processes which participate in observed responses, and taking landscape into account.Le transfert et les effets de 3 éléments traces métalliques (ETMs : Cd, Pb et Zn) dans les réseaux trophiques terrestres ont été étudiés sur une zone de 40 km2 polluée par l'ancienne fonderie de Metaleurop Nord (France). Les objectifs étaient (i) d'identifier les principaux facteurs expliquant les concentrations en ETMs dans les sols et les animaux étudiés, de déterminer à quelles échelles spatiales ces facteurs interviennent et si le paysage module les contaminations; (ii) de mesurer les réponses des espèces étudiées à différents niveaux d'organisation biologique et de rechercher des liens entre réponses individuelles et/ou populationnelles. Des échantillonnages portant sur les sols d'habitats ligneux (milieux boisés favorables pour les espèces étudiées) et plusieurs espèces d'escargots et de micromammifères ont été menés durant 3 années consécutives à plusieurs saisons. L'analyse de la distribution spatiale de la contamination des sols montre que les variables expliquant les concentrations totales en ETMs dans les sols (distance à la source, fréquence du vent) agissent à des échelles spatiales relativement larges, alors que des facteurs locaux (caractéristiques des sols, notamment le pH) déterminent les concentrations extractibles au CaCl2 (considérées comme disponibles). Des méthodes géostatistiques d'interpolation spatiale, krigeage ordinaire et universel, ont permis de générer des cartes de contamination des sols sur l'ensemble de la zone d'étude et d'établir une évaluation du risque spatialisée pour les invertébrés et vertébrés des habitats ligneux (basée sur les Eco-SSLs de l'US EPA). Les relations entre les concentrations en ETMs des animaux et des sols ont été étudiées chez 2 espèces d'escargots (Cepaea sp et Oxychilus draparnaudi) et 2 espèces de micromammifères (Crocidure musette Crocidura russula et Campagnol roussâtre Myodes glareolus) sympatriques ayant des régimes alimentaires contrastés. Les concentrations internes augmentent avec la contamination des sols et sont toujours mieux expliquées par les concentrations totales qu'extractibles, sauf pour Cepaea sp. Le paysage influence les niveaux d'ETMs accumulées et leur augmentation le long du gradient de pollution. L'échelle spatiale à laquelle la corrélation entre les concentrations en ETMs dans les animaux et les sols est la meilleure varie entre espèces et entre paysages. Les facteurs physiologiques et écologiques, tels que le régime alimentaire mais aussi la préférence et l'exploitation d'habitat, modulent la bioaccumulation des ETMs. L'influence des caractéristiques du récepteur (sexe, âge, régime alimentaire...) sur l'accumulation et la séquestration des ETMs a été étudiée chez plusieurs micromammifères sympatriques (Mulot sylvestre Apodemus sylvaticus, Campagnol roussâtre, Musaraigne carrelet Sorex araneus et Musaraigne pygmée Sorex minutus). L'âge plus que le sexe, et l'espèce plus que le niveau trophique, influencent les niveaux d'ETMs et de métallothionéines (MTs) et leurs relations. Trois patrons de relations entre capacité d'accumulation des ETMs et production de MTs ont été identifiés. Des mesures de santé individuelle suggèrent que la sensibilité des récepteurs aux ETMs (musaraigne < campagnol < mulot) décroît quand leur capacité de production de MTs augmente. La mesure des MTs seule ne constitue pas un biomarqueur d'exposition pertinent, mais elle est nécessaire pour interpréter la probabilité d'occurrence d'effets délétères. La variabilité temporelle de l'accumulation des ETMs a été étudiée chez le Campagnol roussâtre, mettant en évidence des différences inter-annuelles et inter-saisonnières. Tandis que le Pb (foie et reins) montre des variations inter-saisonnières (printemps < automne), le Cd et le Zn ont des patrons différents entre organes, et des variations inter-annuelles sans effet saisonnier net. L'adaptation potentielle à la pollution métallique de 2 escargots autochtones du site d'étude, l'escargot petit-gris Cantareus aspersus et l'escargot des bois Cepaea nemoralis, a été examinée : des individus issus de 2 origines (parents exposés ou non aux ETMs) ont été exposés in situ en microcosmes dans une expérience de transplantation croisée. L'analyse de l'accumulation des ETMs (facteur de bioaccumulation, paramètres cinétiques) ne montrent pas d'adaptation. Cependant, les caractéristiques de la coquille suggèrent des processus d'acclimatation et d'adaptation à travers une modification du métabolisme du Ca. Ce travail montre que l'analyse de la réponse d'un organisme à la pollution doit s'appuyer sur la mesure de plusieurs paramètres (bioaccumulation, biomarqueur, indice de santé, population...), et que l'interprétation d'une mesure nécessite sa mise en perspective dans son contexte global en changeant de niveaux de perception (niveau d'organisation biologique, contextes temporel et spatial). Dans le cadre de l'évaluation du risque environnemental et de la biosurveillance, nos travaux soulignent la nécessité des suivis à long terme, et de la mise en place de procédures sur des étendues pertinentes par rapport aux processus écologiques qui participent aux réponses observées et tenant compte du paysage

Exposure to Pb impairs breeding success and is associated with longer lifespan in urban European blackbirds

International audienceAlthough several factors have been highlighted to explain the influence of urbanization on bird fitness and survival, the role of persistent toxicants such as lead (Pb), which is typically present in urban areas worldwide, has seldom been studied despite the ecological importance of such a widespread stressor. Studying free-living European blackbirds (Turdus merula) in city parks, we tested the hypothesis that low-dose chronic exposure to Pb could shape the life-history traits of urban birds. The feather concentrations of Pb and cadmium were typical of urban areas and low-to-moderate contamination of sites. Although the lifetime breeding success of females decreased with increasing exposure to Pb, the lifespan and survival probabilities of blackbirds increased with Pb contamination regardless of gender. Breeding effort-dependent patterns in the relationship between lifespan and Pb levels were highlighted. No significant relationships were detected between cadmium and life-history traits. The results suggest a possible trade-off between self-maintenance and reproduction, with the most affected birds redirecting allocations towards their own survival, which is consistent with the "stress hormone hypothesis". These findings suggest that Pb pollution in urban environments may shape avian ecological features and be one of the drivers of wildlife responses to urbanization and that some urban areas may function as ecological traps driven by pollutants

Exposure to Pb impairs breeding success and is associated with longer lifespan in urban European blackbirds

International audienceAlthough several factors have been highlighted to explain the influence of urbanization on bird fitness and survival, the role of persistent toxicants such as lead (Pb), which is typically present in urban areas worldwide, has seldom been studied despite the ecological importance of such a widespread stressor. Studying free-living European blackbirds (Turdus merula) in city parks, we tested the hypothesis that low-dose chronic exposure to Pb could shape the life-history traits of urban birds. The feather concentrations of Pb and cadmium were typical of urban areas and low-to-moderate contamination of sites. Although the lifetime breeding success of females decreased with increasing exposure to Pb, the lifespan and survival probabilities of blackbirds increased with Pb contamination regardless of gender. Breeding effort-dependent patterns in the relationship between lifespan and Pb levels were highlighted. No significant relationships were detected between cadmium and life-history traits. The results suggest a possible trade-off between self-maintenance and reproduction, with the most affected birds redirecting allocations towards their own survival, which is consistent with the "stress hormone hypothesis". These findings suggest that Pb pollution in urban environments may shape avian ecological features and be one of the drivers of wildlife responses to urbanization and that some urban areas may function as ecological traps driven by pollutants