On the origin of the widespread self-compatible allotetraploid Capsella bursa-pastoris (Brassicaceae)

Polyploidy, or whole-genome duplication, is a common speciation mechanism in plants. An important barrier to polyploid establishment is a lack of compatible mates. Because self-compatibility alleviates this problem, it has long been hypothesized that there should be an association between polyploidy and self-compatibility (SC), but empirical support for this prediction is mixed. Here, we investigate whether the molecular makeup of the Brassicaceae self-incompatibility (SI) system, and specifically dominance relationships among S-haplotypes mediated by small RNAs, could facilitate loss of SI in allopolyploid crucifers. We focus on the allotetraploid species Capsella bursa-pastoris, which formed similar to 300 kya by hybridization and whole-genome duplication involving progenitors from the lineages of Capsella orientalis and Capsella grandiflora. We conduct targeted long-read sequencing to assemble and analyze eight full-length S-locus haplotypes, representing both homeologous subgenomes of C. bursa-pastoris. We further analyze small RNA (sRNA) sequencing data from flower buds to identify candidate dominance modifiers. We find that C. orientalis-derived S-haplotypes of C. bursa-pastoris harbor truncated versions of the male SI specificity gene SCR and express a conserved sRNA-based candidate dominance modifier with a target in the C. grandiflora-derived S-haplotype. These results suggest that pollen-level dominance may have facilitated loss of SI in C. bursa-pastoris. Finally, we demonstrate that spontaneous somatic tetraploidization after a wide cross between C. orientalis and C. grandiflora can result in production of self-compatible tetraploid offspring. We discuss the implications of this finding on the mode of formation of this widespread weed

Hybrid seed incompatibility in Capsella is connected to chromatin condensation defects in the endosperm

Hybridization of closely related plant species is frequently connected to endosperm arrest and seed failure, for reasons that remain to be identified. In this study, we investigated the molecular events accompanying seed failure in hybrids of the closely related species pair Capsella rubella and C. grandiflora. Mapping of QTL for the underlying cause of hybrid incompatibility in Capsella identified three QTL that were close to pericentromeric regions. We investigated whether there are specific changes in heterochromatin associated with interspecific hybridizations and found a strong reduction of chromatin condensation in the endosperm, connected with a strong loss of CHG and CHH methylation and random loss of a single chromosome. Consistent with reduced DNA methylation in the hybrid endosperm, we found a disproportionate deregulation of genes located close to pericentromeric regions, suggesting that reduced DNA methylation allows access of transcription factors to targets located in heterochromatic regions. Since the identified QTL were also associated with pericentromeric regions, we propose that relaxation of heterochromatin in response to interspecies hybridization exposes and activates loci leading to hybrid seed failure.Author summarySeed failure in response to interspecific hybridizations is a well-known reproductive barrier preventing interbreeding of closely related species and thus maintaining species boundaries. This reproductive barrier is established in the endosperm, a nourishing tissue supporting embryo growth. In this study, we discovered that the endosperm of interspecific hybrids between the recently diverged species Capsella rubella and C. grandiflora suffers from mitotic abnormalities and random chromosome loss. We found that the endosperm has reduced levels of DNA methylation and chromatin condensation, likely accounting for the chromosome loss. Importantly, we found that genes located in pericentromeric regions were preferentially deregulated, suggesting that reduced DNA methylation exposes transcription factor binding sites in pericentromeric regions, leading to hyperactivation of genes and seed arrest. In support of the relevance of pericentromeric regions for hybrid seed arrest, we identified three QTL connected with the phenotype that were all located in pericentromeric regions. These results link epigenetic changes in hybrid endosperm with distinct genetic loci underpinning hybrid seed failure

Epigenetic control of shoot phenotypic plasticity towards variations in water availability in poplar

Au vu de l’impact croissant du changement climatique global et en particulier de la sécheresse sur les forêts, il est nécessaire de comprendre les mécanismes de réponse des arbres face à des variations de disponibilité en eau. Ces dernières années, des études ont montré un contrôle épigénétique et notamment par la méthylation de l’ADN de la plasticité phénotypique des plantes en réponse aux variations environnementales. Dans ce contexte, cette thèse visait à évaluer le rôle de la méthylation de l’ADN des cellules du méristème apical caulinaire dans la plasticité développementale de la tige feuillée en réponse à des variations de disponibilité en eau chez le peuplier, un arbre modèle. A cette fin, le méthylome de la chromatine non condensée dans le méristème apical caulinaire de Populus trichocarpa a été caractérisé. Ensuite, l’impact de variations de disponibilité en eau sur la méthylation de l’ADN a été étudié dans l’apex caulinaire de différents hybrides (P. × euramericana). Les loci et les réseaux de gènes affectés pour leur expression et leur méthylation ont ainsi été identifiés. Ces travaux ont montré que dans le méristème apical caulinaire, la majorité des gènes étaient dans un état non condensé de la chromatine et méthylés dans leur corps. Ils ont également mis en évidence une forte variation de la méthylation globale de l’ADN selon les génotypes et en réponse à des variations de disponibilité en eau. De plus, des corrélations ont été établies entre les niveaux de croissance des arbres et de méthylation globale de l’ADN dans l’apex caulinaire. Enfin, les variations de la méthylation de l’ADN en réponse aux variations de la disponibilité en eau s’accompagnent de variations d’expression et ont ciblé particulièrement des gènes impliqués dans la signalisation par les phytohormones ou la morphogenèse. Ainsi, les travaux effectués lors de cette thèse suggèrent un rôle de la méthylation de l’ADN dans la plasticité phénotypique en réponse à des variations de disponibilité en eau chez le peuplier via le contrôle de l’expression de réseaux de gènes dans le méristème apical caulinaire.Predicted climate changes and particularly drought represent a major threat to forest health. Therefore, understanding mechanisms that control trees response to variations in water availability is of great interest. These last years, epigenetic marks such as DNA methylation have been involved in plant phenotypic plasticity in response to environmental stresses. In this context, this work aimed at assessing the role of shoot apical meristem cells DNA methylation in the shoot developmental plasticity towards variations in water availability in poplar, a model tree. For this purpose, the methylome of non condensed chromatin in Populus trichocarpa shoot apical meristem was characterized. Then, the impact of variations in water availability on shoot apex DNA methylation in different hybrids (P. × euramericana) was studied. Loci and gene networks affected by DNA methylation and expression changes were thus identified. This work showed that in shoot apical meristem, most of the genes was in non condensed chromatin state with DNA methylation in their body. A strong variation in DNA methylation depending on genotypes and water availability was highlighted. Moreover, correlations between trees growth and shoot apex DNA methylation levels were established. Lastly, DNA methylation changes in response to variations in water availability correlated to expression variations were identified for genomic loci and gene networks. Thus, the work performed during this thesis suggests a role for DNA methylation in poplar phenotypic plasticity in response to variations in water availability through the control of gene networks transcription in the shoot apical meristem

Contrôle épigénétique de la plasticité de l’appareil végétatif du peuplier en réponse à des variations de la disponibilité en eau

Predicted climate changes and particularly drought represent a major threat to forest health. Therefore, understanding mechanisms that control trees response to variations in water availability is of great interest. These last years, epigenetic marks such as DNA methylation have been involved in plant phenotypic plasticity in response to environmental stresses. In this context, this work aimed at assessing the role of shoot apical meristem cells DNA methylation in the shoot developmental plasticity towards variations in water availability in poplar, a model tree. For this purpose, the methylome of non condensed chromatin in Populus trichocarpa shoot apical meristem was characterized. Then, the impact of variations in water availability on shoot apex DNA methylation in different hybrids (P. × euramericana) was studied. Loci and gene networks affected by DNA methylation and expression changes were thus identified. This work showed that in shoot apical meristem, most of the genes was in non condensed chromatin state with DNA methylation in their body. A strong variation in DNA methylation depending on genotypes and water availability was highlighted. Moreover, correlations between trees growth and shoot apex DNA methylation levels were established. Lastly, DNA methylation changes in response to variations in water availability correlated to expression variations were identified for genomic loci and gene networks. Thus, the work performed during this thesis suggests a role for DNA methylation in poplar phenotypic plasticity in response to variations in water availability through the control of gene networks transcription in the shoot apical meristem.Au vu de l’impact croissant du changement climatique global et en particulier de la sécheresse sur les forêts, il est nécessaire de comprendre les mécanismes de réponse des arbres face à des variations de disponibilité en eau. Ces dernières années, des études ont montré un contrôle épigénétique et notamment par la méthylation de l’ADN de la plasticité phénotypique des plantes en réponse aux variations environnementales. Dans ce contexte, cette thèse visait à évaluer le rôle de la méthylation de l’ADN des cellules du méristème apical caulinaire dans la plasticité développementale de la tige feuillée en réponse à des variations de disponibilité en eau chez le peuplier, un arbre modèle. A cette fin, le méthylome de la chromatine non condensée dans le méristème apical caulinaire de Populus trichocarpa a été caractérisé. Ensuite, l’impact de variations de disponibilité en eau sur la méthylation de l’ADN a été étudié dans l’apex caulinaire de différents hybrides (P. × euramericana). Les loci et les réseaux de gènes affectés pour leur expression et leur méthylation ont ainsi été identifiés. Ces travaux ont montré que dans le méristème apical caulinaire, la majorité des gènes étaient dans un état non condensé de la chromatine et méthylés dans leur corps. Ils ont également mis en évidence une forte variation de la méthylation globale de l’ADN selon les génotypes et en réponse à des variations de disponibilité en eau. De plus, des corrélations ont été établies entre les niveaux de croissance des arbres et de méthylation globale de l’ADN dans l’apex caulinaire. Enfin, les variations de la méthylation de l’ADN en réponse aux variations de la disponibilité en eau s’accompagnent de variations d’expression et ont ciblé particulièrement des gènes impliqués dans la signalisation par les phytohormones ou la morphogenèse. Ainsi, les travaux effectués lors de cette thèse suggèrent un rôle de la méthylation de l’ADN dans la plasticité phénotypique en réponse à des variations de disponibilité en eau chez le peuplier via le contrôle de l’expression de réseaux de gènes dans le méristème apical caulinaire

Methylome of DNase I sensitive chromatin in Populus trichocarpa shoot apical meristematic cells: a simplified approach revealing characteristics of gene-body DNA methylation in open chromatin state

International audienceDNA methylation is involved in the control of plant development and adaptation to the environment through modifications of chromatin compaction and gene expression. In poplar (Populus trichocarpa), a perennial plant, variations in DNA methylation have been reported between genotypes and tissues or in response to drought. Nevertheless, the relationships between gene-body DNA methylation, gene expression and chromatin compaction still need clarification. Here, DNA methylation was mapped in the noncondensed chromatin fraction from P. trichocarpa shoot apical meristematic cells, the center of plant morphogenesis, where DNA methylation variations could influence the developmental trajectory. DNase I was used to isolate the noncondensed chromatin fraction. Methylated sequences were immunoprecipitated, sequenced using Illumina/Solexa technology and mapped on the v2.0 poplar genome. Bisulfite sequencing of candidate sequences was used to confirm mapping data and to assess cytosine contexts and methylation levels. While the methylated DNase I hypersensitive site fraction covered 1.9% of the poplar genome, it contained sequences corresponding to 74% of poplar gene models, mostly exons. The level and cytosine context of gene-body DNA methylation varied with the structural characteristics of the genes. Taken together, our data show that DNA methylation is widespread and variable among genes in open chromatin of meristematic cells, in agreement with a role in their developmental trajectory

Paternally expressed imprinted genes associate with hybridization barriers in Capsella

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Non-reciprocal Interspecies Hybridization Barriers in the Capsella Genus Are Established in the Endosperm

<div><p>The transition to selfing in <i>Capsella rubella</i> accompanies its recent divergence from the ancestral outcrossing <i>C</i>. <i>grandiflora</i> species about 100,000 years ago. Whether the change in mating system was accompanied by the evolution of additional reproductive barriers that enforced species divergence remained unknown. Here, we show that <i>C</i>. <i>rubella</i> and <i>C</i>. <i>grandiflora</i> are reproductively separated by an endosperm-based, non-reciprocal postzygotic hybridization barrier. While hybridizations of <i>C</i>. <i>rubella</i> maternal plants with <i>C</i>. <i>grandiflora</i> pollen donors resulted in complete seed abortion caused by endosperm cellularization failure, the reciprocal hybridization resulted in the formation of small seeds with precociously cellularized endosperm. Strikingly, the transcriptomic response of both hybridizations mimicked respectively the response of paternal and maternal excess hybridizations in <i>Arabidopsis thaliana</i>, suggesting unbalanced genome strength causes hybridization failure in both species. These results provide strong support for the theory that crosses between plants of different mating systems will be unbalanced, with the outcrosser behaving like a plant of increased ploidy, evoking a response that resembles an interploidy-type seed failure. Seed incompatilibity of <i>C</i>. <i>rubella</i> pollinated by <i>C</i>. <i>grandiflora</i> followed the Bateson-Dobzhansky-Muller model, involving negative genetic interaction of multiple paternal <i>C</i>. <i>grandiflora</i> loci with at least one maternal <i>C</i>. <i>rubella</i> locus. Given that both species only recently diverged, our data suggest that a fast evolving mechanism underlies the post-zygotic hybridization barrier(s) separating both species.</p></div