Radiação-x no diagnóstico em Medicina Dentária: risco, avaliação e proteção

A radiação-x foi descoberta há mais de uma centena de anos e com o avanço tecnológico diversas formas de aplicação têm vindo a ser descobertas. A utilização constante, devido à ajuda preciosa que estes dispositivos fornecem aos clínicos de Medicina Dentária, faz com que o paciente venha, de forma crescente, a ser exposto a este tipo de radiação. Este trabalho de revisão descritiva tem como principal propósito analisar os riscos, as formas de avaliação e de proteção da radiação-x, no âmbito do seu uso em Medicina Dentária. Para o efeito, realizou-se uma revisão da literatura, tendo-se recorrido ao motor de busca EBSCO host©, utilizando as frases boleanas: (X-ray risk OR Radiography risk OR Dental x-ray risk) AND (Dental Medicine OR Oral), foi substituída a palavra risk por “evaluation” e por “protection”. Desta pesquisa resultaram 82 documentos como referências bibliográficas. Esta revisão de literatura permitiu compreender a diferença entre radiação ionizante e não ionizante, quais os dispositivos utlizados na Medicina Dentária e o seu funcionamento geral, quais as unidades de medida da radiação, quais os riscos iminentes à exposição cumulativa e quais as suas consequências biológicas, perceber de que forma a legislação Portuguesa tem evoluído em matéria de radiação ionizante, quais as diversas formas de redução da dose absorvida pelo paciente e quais as medidas de proteção para os profissionais de saúde expostos à radiação ionizante.The x-ray and ionizing radiation were discovered over a hundred years ago and, with the technological advances, several applications have been created. The increasing utilization of x-ray due to the valuable information of these medical devices provide to Dentistry clinicians is also associated to a patient greater exposure ionizing radiation. This descriptive review has as main purpose to analyze the risks and the ways of x-radiation evaluation and protection, in the context of its use in Dentistry. For this purpose, was used the EBSCO host© search engine, using the Boolean phrase: (X-ray risk OR Radiography risk OR Dental x-ray risk) AND (Dental Medicine OR Oral), and substituted the word risk for “evaluation” and “protection”. From this search resulted 82 documents as bibliographic references. This literature review allowed the understanding of the main difference between ionizing and non-ionizing radiation, the x-ray devices used in Dentistry and their general functioning, the main radiation measurement units, the imminent risk of cumulative exposure and their biological effects. This literature review was also important to assess how the Portuguese legislation has advanced in the field of ionizing radiation and to understand the several ways to reduce the patient’s absorbed dose and the methods of protection of the health professionals exposed to ionizing radiation

Radiação-x no diagnóstico em Medicina Dentária: risco, avaliação e proteção

A radiação-x foi descoberta há mais de uma centena de anos e com o avanço tecnológico diversas formas de aplicação têm vindo a ser descobertas. A utilização constante, devido à ajuda preciosa que estes dispositivos fornecem aos clínicos de Medicina Dentária, faz com que o paciente venha, de forma crescente, a ser exposto a este tipo de radiação. Este trabalho de revisão descritiva tem como principal propósito analisar os riscos, as formas de avaliação e de proteção da radiação-x, no âmbito do seu uso em Medicina Dentária. Para o efeito, realizou-se uma revisão da literatura, tendo-se recorrido ao motor de busca EBSCO host©, utilizando as frases boleanas: (X-ray risk OR Radiography risk OR Dental x-ray risk) AND (Dental Medicine OR Oral), foi substituída a palavra risk por “evaluation” e por “protection”. Desta pesquisa resultaram 82 documentos como referências bibliográficas. Esta revisão de literatura permitiu compreender a diferença entre radiação ionizante e não ionizante, quais os dispositivos utlizados na Medicina Dentária e o seu funcionamento geral, quais as unidades de medida da radiação, quais os riscos iminentes à exposição cumulativa e quais as suas consequências biológicas, perceber de que forma a legislação Portuguesa tem evoluído em matéria de radiação ionizante, quais as diversas formas de redução da dose absorvida pelo paciente e quais as medidas de proteção para os profissionais de saúde expostos à radiação ionizante.The x-ray and ionizing radiation were discovered over a hundred years ago and, with the technological advances, several applications have been created. The increasing utilization of x-ray due to the valuable information of these medical devices provide to Dentistry clinicians is also associated to a patient greater exposure ionizing radiation. This descriptive review has as main purpose to analyze the risks and the ways of x-radiation evaluation and protection, in the context of its use in Dentistry. For this purpose, was used the EBSCO host© search engine, using the Boolean phrase: (X-ray risk OR Radiography risk OR Dental x-ray risk) AND (Dental Medicine OR Oral), and substituted the word risk for “evaluation” and “protection”. From this search resulted 82 documents as bibliographic references. This literature review allowed the understanding of the main difference between ionizing and non-ionizing radiation, the x-ray devices used in Dentistry and their general functioning, the main radiation measurement units, the imminent risk of cumulative exposure and their biological effects. This literature review was also important to assess how the Portuguese legislation has advanced in the field of ionizing radiation and to understand the several ways to reduce the patient’s absorbed dose and the methods of protection of the health professionals exposed to ionizing radiation

Collaborative methodologies in island fishing communities of cape verde

Publisher Copyright: © 2021 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland.Marine litter has been considered one of the most serious global challenges, requiring urgent action by governmental bodies, especially in African Small Island Developing States (SIDS), where resources and research are limited. In addition to this, waste management and environmental education and ocean literacy programs in schools are scarce, with islands suffering more seriously from these problems. Despite the amount of literature regarding causes and impacts of marine litter, there is still not enough research conducted concerning the public perceptions on both the problem and the potential solutions. This is even more noticeable in African developing countries, where resources and research are scarce. Perception plays a key role for ecosystem management and conservation policies. This study intends to explore the perceptions of local island fishing communities in Cape Verde regarding marine litter, in order to contribute for an improvement of marine ecosystem management and development of conservation policies. To achieve that, two participatory sessions were conducted in two communities in the island of Santiago—Porto Mosquito and Porto Gouveia—where brainstorming and active listening were used to create shared and authentic spaces for dialogue between the members of the community. Results show that the population of both communities were very aware of the marine litter problem. They were able to identify the lack of a proper waste management system in the island and the inappropriate behaviours of the population as the main causes of this problem. Equipment damages and the presence of plastic inside the fish were the most relevant impacts identified by the participants. These findings reinforce previous research on the importance of public engagement and environmental education to contribute to the conservation of marine ecosystems and to build a strong collaborative ocean governance.publishersversionpublishe

Assessment of shear modulus by different seismic wave-based techniques

Using combined setup of bender elements and accelerometers, tests were conducted on Coimbra sand specimens in order to measure and interpret seismic wave velocities to assess initial shear modulus. For these tests both time and frequency domain analyses were performed. Resonant column tests were also performed on the same sand to validate the results obtained with the bender elements and accelerometers setup. As is well known, in the last decades the development of new laboratory techniques to assess soil stiffness through the use of seismic wave-based techniques, has received significant attention due to its simplicity and versatility of the equipment setup. One of these techniques is the bender elements test which have been one of the most widely used, although some limitations concerning its usage. In this context, the combined use of bender elements with other seismic wave-based testing techniques, such as accelerometers or the resonant column, is quite important to compare and validate the testing techniques. Given its miniature size, the installation of accelerometers on the side of the sample is considered feasible without significant disturbance on the other measuring techniques. The resonant column is a widely used and accurate testing technique due to its reliability and repeatability. Finally, the results of this combined tests allow a critical discussion on the advantages and limitations of the use of bender elements and accelerometers, in contrast with the resonant-column for the assessment of the shear modulus in sand.This work was developed with the financial support provided by FCT (Portuguese Foundation for Science and Technology) under the research project WaveSoil - PTDC/ECM/122751/2010 from FCOMOP-01-0124-FEDER-020365 project

O lugar da Filosofia na experiência educativa

This paper intends to point some indications which can fortify the certainty that the presence of the philosophy, through its teaching in the formal education of children and young people, brings important contribution to their education. Searching support in Kant’s philosophy, in the justification from legislation that became the teaching of philosophy in an obligation in Brazil and some authors that dedicate studding the function of philosophy in the educational experience as well, it develops an argumentation that is concluded with some information from researches done with young people to know their opinion about the contribution of philosophy classes during their education.O objetivo deste texto é o de apontar algumas indicações que podem fortalecer a convicção de que a presença da Filosofia, através do seu ensino na educação formal de crianças e jovens, traz contribuições importantes para sua formação. Buscando apoio em Kant, na justificativa da legislação que tornou o ensino da Filosofia obrigatório no Brasil e em alguns autores que se dedicam ao estudo do papel da Filosofia na experiência educativa, desenvolve-se uma argumentação a respeito que é concluída com alguns dados de pesquisa realizadas com jovens sobre o que pensam da contribuição das aulas de Filosofia em sua formação

Environmental Inducers Of Schistosomiasis Mansoni In Campinas, Brazil.

Human occupation/activity in the suburbs of the large cities in Brazil, together with high social vulnerability associated with poor living conditions, influence the dynamics of schistosomiasis mansoni as well as several other emerging and re-emerging diseases. Previous notification data surveys for Campinas, São Paulo state, Brazil, carried out by the Information System for Notification Disease, show that there are distinct prevalence differences across healthcare districts of the city. This paper supports the hypothesis that the distribution of schistosomiasis is not random and that the centralized location of cases are linked to human behaviour, in particular to human activities that interfere with basic landscape structure. This paper analyzes the spatial patterns of the parasitic worm Schistosoma mansoni and its intermediate host Biomphalaria comparing disease prevalence with natural conditions and the current pattern of territory occupation by the population. The spatial and hierarchical distribution of factors related to the environmental conditions and land use that indicate the risk for schistosomiasis has been surveyed. It was found that landscape characteristics define the areas at risk for this endemic disease and, as a result, a risk map comprising different risk classes was established. This risk map highlights the regions prone to become new foci for infection or that serves to maintain an existing focus. The research approach used attempts to introduce geotechnology, i.e. a social application in which better knowledge about these foci, designated endemic hot spots can assist preventive public intervention measures in a way that is inexpensive and easy to handle.579-9

Pasteurização de leite humano para evitar a transmissão da doença de Chagas

Although admittedly transmission of Trypanosoma cruzi infection through breastfeeding is a rare event, it involves serious risks. To test the effectiveness of pasteurization in preventing this mode of infection, three sets of samples of human milk were tested: a - contaminated with T. cruzi and pasteurized; b - contaminated with T. cruzi and non-pasteurized; c - non-contaminated and pasteurized. Samples from all sets were orally and intraperitoneally administered to 90 BALB/c mice. The animals inoculated with contaminated, non-pasteurized samples, got the infection. Controls and the animals inoculated with contaminated and pasteurized milk were not infected. The hypothesis was accepted that pasteurization inactivates T. cruzi trypomastigotes.A amamentação é modo alternativo de transmitir-se a doença de Chagas. Embora admitida como evento raro, a infecção por esta via é preocupante. Para evitá-la é sugerida a pasteurização. Separaram-se para o ensaio três conjuntos de amostras de leite humano: a - contaminadas por Trypanosoma cruzi e pasteurizadas; b - contaminadas por T. cruzi e não pasteurizadas; c - não contaminadas e pasteurizadas. Frações dos três conjuntos foram inoculadas por vias oral e intraperitoneal em 90 camundongos BALB/c. Os animais inoculados com leite contaminado e não pasteurizado infectaram-se. Os controles e os inoculados com leite contaminado e pasteurizado não se infectaram. Aceitou-se a hipótese de a pasteurização ter inativado as formas tripomastigotas de T. cruzi em suspensão no leite