Glycated nail proteins as a new biomarker in management of the South Kivu Congolese diabetics

Introduction: Diagnosis and monitoring of diabetes mellitus in sub-Saharan Africa, based on blood analyses, are hampered by infrastructural and cultural reasons. The first aim of this study was to evaluate the diagnostic accuracy of glycated nail proteins for diabetes mellitus. The second aim was to compare the course of short- and long-term glycemic biomarkers after 6 months of antidiabetic treatment. These objectives should support our hypothesis that glycated nail proteins could be used as an alternative glycemic biomarker. Materials and methods: This case-control study consisted of 163 black diabetics and 67 non-diabetics of the South Kivu (Democratic Republic of Congo). Diagnostic accuracy of glycated nail proteins was evaluated using ROC curve analysis. At the start of the study, glycated nail protein concentrations were compared between diabetics and non-diabetics, using a nitro blue tetrazolium (NBT) colorimetric method. In a subgroup of 30 diabetics, concentrations of glycated nail proteins, fasting glucose (Accu-Chek® Aviva), serum fructosamine (NBT) and HbA1c (DCA-2000+®) were measured at start and after 6 months. Results: ROC analysis yielded an AUC of 0.71 (95% confidence interval (CI): 0.65-0.76) and a cut-off point of 3.83 µmol/g nail. Concentration of glycated nail proteins was significantly higher (P < 0.001) in diabetics in comparison with non-diabetics. After 6 months of antidiabetic treatment, a significant drop in the fasting glucose concentration (P = 0.017) and concentration of glycated nail proteins (P = 0.008) was observed in contrast to serum fructosamine and HbA1c. Conclusions: Measurement of glycated nail proteins could be used to diagnose and monitor diabetes mellitus in sub-Saharan Africa

Obesity and diabetes mellitus association in rural community of Katana, South Kivu, in Eastern Democratic Republic of Congo : Bukavu Observ Cohort study results

Background: Factual data exploring the relationship between obesity and diabetes mellitus prevalence from rural areas of sub-Saharan Africa remain scattered and are unreliable. To address this scarceness, this work reports population study data describing the relationship between the obesity and the diabetes mellitus in the general population of the rural area of Katana (South Kivu in the Democratic Republic of the Congo). Methods: A cohort of three thousand, nine hundred, and sixty-two (3962) adults (>15 years old) were followed between 2012 and 2015 (or 4105 person-years during the observation period), and data were collected using the locally adjusted World Health Organization's (WHO) STEPwise approach to Surveillance (STEPS) methodology. The hazard ratio for progression of obesity was calculated. The association between diabetes mellitus and obesity was analyzed with logistic regression. Results: The diabetes mellitus prevalence was 2.8 % versus 3.5 % for obese participants and 7.2 % for those with metabolic syndrome, respectively. Within the diabetes group, 26.9 % had above-normal waist circumference and only 9.8 % were obese. During the median follow-up period of 2 years, the incidence of obesity was 535/100,000 person-years. During the follow-up, the prevalence of abdominal obesity significantly increased by 23 % (p < 0.0001), whereas the increased prevalence of general obesity (7.8 %) was not significant (p = 0.53). Finally, diabetes mellitus was independently associated with age, waist circumference, and blood pressure but not body mass index. Conclusion: This study confirms an association between diabetes mellitus and abdominal obesity but not with general obesity. On the other hand, the rapid increase in abdominal obesity prevalence in this rural area population within the follow-up period calls for the urgent promoting of preventive lifestyle measures

Whole blood Fe isotopic signature in a sub-Saharan African population

The Fe isotopic composition of an individual's whole blood has recently been shown to be an interesting clinical indicator of Fe status. The present study aimed to evaluate the influence of several endemic characteristics of a representative population of the South Kivu province, an Fe-rich volcanic African region, on the whole blood Fe isotopic composition. Both diabetes mellitus and the ferroportin Q248H mutation are very common in Africa and are strongly associated with impairments in Fe metabolism. Fe isotopic analysis of whole blood samples was carried out using multi-collector inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry (after chromatographic isolation of the target element). Forty-two male subjects (between 48 and 59 years old) living in Bukavu (South Kivu) were enrolled in this study. Among the selected population, wild-type subjects and subjects presenting the ferroportin Q248H mutation (heterozygotes and homozygotes) were included. Within each group, diabetic and non-diabetic patients were considered. The whole blood delta Fe-56 value ranged from -3.09% to -2.41%. The delta Fe-56 value shows a significant negative correlation with the ferritin concentration. No correlation could be established between the whole blood delta Fe-56 value and the transferrin concentration, transferrin saturation or serum Fe concentration. The ferroportin Q248H mutation did not seem to have affected the whole blood Fe isotopic signature. The whole blood delta Fe-56 values were significantly higher in diabetic subjects than in non-diabetic subjects and showed a significant negative correlation with body mass index (BMI) values

The genetic legacy of the expansion of Bantu-speaking peoples in Africa

DATA AVAILABILITY : SNP array genotype data of modern-day African populations and whole-genome data of aDNA individuals generated in this project were made available through the European Genome-Phenome Archive (EGA) data repository (EGA accessory nos. EGAS50000000006 and EGAS00001007519 for modern and aDNA, respectively). Controlled-access policies guided by participant consent agreements will be implemented by the AfricanNeo Data Access Committee (AfricanNeo DAC accessory no. EGAC00001003398). Authorized NIH DAC granted data access to C.M.S. for the controlled-access genetic data deposited in the NIH dbGAP repository (accession code phs001396.v1.p1 and project ID 19895). C.M.S. was granted data access to whole-genome sequencing data deposed by the H3Africa Consortium (EGA dataset accessory nos. EGAD00001004220, EGAD00001004316, EGAD00001004334, EGAD00001004393, EGAD00001004448, EGAD00001004505, EGAD00001004533, EGAD00001004557 and EGAD00001005076). Interactive map-based visualizations were created using the Python library bokeh v.3.0.0 and maps were provided by CartoDB (CARTO 2023), other base maps were provided by GoogleMaps (Google 2023) or created using Python libraries (plotly v.5.17.0 and shapely v.1.8.4); R packages (rworldmap v.1.3.6, plotmaps v.1.0, rEEMSplots and rEEMSplots2); and one inhouse vector map in MapInfo interchange format based on the WGS-84 projection.CODE AVAILABILITY : Code and interactive plots used for plotting are available in two online repositories (GitHub https://github.com/Schlebusch-lab/Expansion_of_BSP_peer-reviewed_article and figshare https://doi.org/10.6084/m9.figshare.24107718).SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION. Supplementary Methods, Notes 1–12, Figures 1–107, and references.SUPPLEMENTARY TABLES. Supplementary Tables 1–15.The expansion of people speaking Bantu languages is the most dramatic demographic event in Late Holocene Africa and fundamentally reshaped the linguistic, cultural and biological landscape of the continent. With a comprehensive genomic dataset, including newly generated data of modern-day and ancient DNA from previously unsampled regions in Africa, we contribute insights into this expansion that started 6,000–4,000 years ago in western Africa. We genotyped 1,763 participants, including 1,526 Bantu speakers from 147 populations across 14 African countries, and generated whole-genome sequences from 12 Late Iron Age individuals. We show that genetic diversity amongst Bantu-speaking populations declines with distance from western Africa, with current-day Zambia and the Democratic Republic of Congo as possible crossroads of interaction. Using spatially explicit methods and correlating genetic, linguistic and geographical data, we provide cross-disciplinary support for a serial-founder migration model. We further show that Bantu speakers received significant gene flow from local groups in regions they expanded into. Our genetic dataset provides an exhaustive modern-day African comparative dataset for ancient DNA studies and will be important to a wide range of disciplines from science and humanities, as well as to the medical sector studying human genetic variation and health in African and African-descendant populations.Open access funding provided by Uppsala University.http://www.nature.com/naturehj2024BiochemistryGeneticsMicrobiology and Plant PathologyNon

The genetic legacy of the expansion of Bantu-speaking peoples in Africa.

The expansion of people speaking Bantu languages is the most dramatic demographic event in Late Holocene Africa and fundamentally reshaped the linguistic, cultural and biological landscape of the continent1-7. With a comprehensive genomic dataset, including newly generated data of modern-day and ancient DNA from previously unsampled regions in Africa, we contribute insights into this expansion that started 6,000-4,000 years ago in western Africa. We genotyped 1,763 participants, including 1,526 Bantu speakers from 147 populations across 14 African countries, and generated whole-genome sequences from 12 Late Iron Age individuals8. We show that genetic diversity amongst Bantu-speaking populations declines with distance from western Africa, with current-day Zambia and the Democratic Republic of Congo as possible crossroads of interaction. Using spatially explicit methods9 and correlating genetic, linguistic and geographical data, we provide cross-disciplinary support for a serial-founder migration model. We further show that Bantu speakers received significant gene flow from local groups in regions they expanded into. Our genetic dataset provides an exhaustive modern-day African comparative dataset for ancient DNA studies10 and will be important to a wide range of disciplines from science and humanities, as well as to the medical sector studying human genetic variation and health in African and African-descendant populations

Diabetes mellitus and laboratory medicine in sub-Saharan Africa : challenges and perspectives

Diabetes mellitus is an increasing public health problem in sub-Saharan Africa with a substantial socioeconomic burden. Although laboratory medicine has been recognized as one of the six key public health functions, there are still gaps in strengthening of laboratory services in developing countries. In the last decades, a lot of progress has been made in the diagnostic field of infectious diseases, whereas the diagnosis of noncommunicable diseases is still insufficient and uneven. This article analyses the challenges encountered in diagnosing and monitoring of diabetes mellitus in sub-Saharan Africa and explores new alternative diagnostic tools

Novel sexual dimorphisms of sleep apnea syndrome in diabetes

Background: OSAS, a frequently neglected, yet frequent comorbidity in T2DM, is associated with obesity, metabolic syndrome and central fat. OSAS is better documented in males, and this study explored novel gender dimorphisms in T2DM. Methods: Cross-sectional study: 815 T2DM (541 males; 274 females) classified into OSAS[-] and OSAS[+] were assessed for cardiometabolic risk factors, glucose homeostasis, micro/macroangiopathies, CV risk, autoimmune thyroid disease (AITD); and GAD65 antibodies. Results: There was a gender dimorphism in glucose control (worse in females), apolipoprotein B100 (higher in females), with apoB100/apoA1 and log(TG)/HDL-C sexually dimorphic. There was also a marked gender dimorphism in GAD65 positivity, higher (+793%) in OSAS[+] females vs. males. There were clear sexual dimorphisms in macro-/microangioathies, regarding stroke, retinopathy and polyneuropathy. OSAS was not sexually dimorphic regarding age; education; and diabetes duration. There was a significant dimorphism in ethnicity. There were no gender-specific dimorphisms related to OSAS in anthropometrics, nor in hypertension, insulin sensitivity, or hyperbolic product loss rate. Conclusion: We report a series of novel OSAS-related sexual dimorphisms, concerning GAD65 auto-antibodies; polyneuropathy; atherogenic dyslipidemia [all increased in females]; diabetic retinopathy; North-Caucasian ethnicity; metabolic control; and TIA/stroke prevalence [all lower in females]. These findings raise challenging questions regarding the reciprocal pathophysiology between obstructive sleep disorders and cardiometabolic risk in T2DM. © 2013 Diabetes. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved

Prevalence and influences of diabetes and prediabetes among adults living with HIV in Africa: a systematic review and meta‐analysis

Abstract Introduction In people living with human immunodeficiency virus (PLHIV), traditional cardiovascular risk factors, exposure to HIV per se and antiretroviral therapy (ART) are assumed to contribute to cardiometabolic diseases. Nevertheless, controversy exists on the relationship of HIV and ART with diabetes. To clarify the relationship between HIV and type 2 diabetes, this review determined, in PLHIV in Africa, diabetes and prediabetes prevalence, and the extent to which their relationship was modified by socio‐demographic characteristics, body mass index (BMI), diagnostic definitions used for diabetes and prediabetes, and HIV‐related characteristics, including CD4 count, and use and duration of ART. Methods For this systematic review and meta‐analysis (PROSPERO registration CRD42021231547), a comprehensive search of major databases (PubMed‐MEDLINE, Scopus, Web of Science, Google Scholar and WHO Global Health Library) was conducted. Original research articles published between 2000 and 2021 in English and French were included, irrespective of study design, data collection techniques and diagnostic definitions used. Observational studies comprising at least 30 PLHIV and reporting on diabetes and/or prediabetes prevalence in Africa were included. Study‐specific estimates were pooled using random effects models to generate the overall prevalence for each diagnostic definition. Data analyses used R statistical software and “meta” package. Results Of the 2614 records initially screened, 366 full‐text articles were assessed for eligibility and 61 were selected. In the systematic review, all studies were cross‐sectional by design and clinic‐based, except for five population‐based studies. Across studies included in the meta‐analysis, the proportion of men was 16–84%. Mean/median age was 30–62 years. Among 86,412 and 7976 participants, diabetes and prediabetes prevalence rates were 5.1% (95% CI: 4.3–5.9) and 15.1% (9.7–21.5). Self‐reported diabetes (3.5%) was lower than when combined with biochemical assessments (6.2%; 7.2%). Discussion While not statistically significant, diabetes and prediabetes were higher with greater BMI, in older participants, urban residents and more recent publications. Diabetes and prediabetes were not significantly different by HIV‐related factors, including CD4 count and ART. Conclusions Although HIV‐related factors did not modify prevalence, the diabetes burden in African PLHIV was considerable with suboptimal detection, and likely influenced by traditional risk factors. Furthermore, high prediabetes prevalence foreshadows substantial increases in future diabetes in African PLHIV