Aboveground biomass and ecosystem carbon pools in tropical secondary forests growing in six life zones of Costa Rica

Carbon sequestration in tropical secondary forests growing in all climates must be quantified to understand their potential role in adaptation and mitigation strategies of global climate change. Total aboveground biomass (TAGB), soil carbon, and total ecosystem carbon (TEC) were measured in 54 secondary forests growing along a broad bioclimatic gradient of 6 life zones, from lowland Dry to Premontane Rain forests in Costa Rica. The potential of regenerating secondary forests to offset carbon losses due to climate change-mediated primary forest degradation into the year 2100 was also determined. TAGB ranged from 12 Mg•ha⁻¹ (5 MgC•ha⁻¹) in a 9-yr Dry forest to 298 Mg•ha⁻¹ (143 MgC•ha⁻¹) in a 60-yr Wet forest. TAGB and carbon were correlated with forest age and the ratio of potential evapotranspiration to precipitation. Secondary forests were predicted to reach TAGB ≥ 90% of that in primary forest in 35 to 126 yrs. Mean soil carbon to 1 m ranged from 127 to 278 Mg•ha⁻¹ in the Dry and Premontane Rain life zones. There was no correlation of soil C pools with age. TEC was as high as 440 Mg•ha⁻¹ in a 40-yr Premontane Rain forest. Maximum rates of TEC sequestration were highest (14 – 33 Mg•ha⁻¹•yr⁻¹) in life zones with intermediate levels of precipitation and lowest (7 and 12 Mg•ha⁻¹•yr⁻¹) in the Dry and Premontane Rain life zones. Secondary forests were predicted to attain ecosystem C levels similar to that of primary forests in 44 – 105 yrs. Based upon simulations of forest growth and the changing land area covered by differing life zones due to climate change, carbon losses from primary forests ranged from < 6 to 65 Tg under two different climate change scenarios for the year 2100. Secondary forests would need to cover 19% of each life zone to offset the larger flux of carbon into the atmosphere. Our modeling did not include additional carbon losses associated with changing disturbance regimes and other climate change responses. Results from this study underscore the value of secondary forests for their potential to sequester carbon across a diversity of tropical climates as a means of climate change mitigation

Caracterización del perfil de las consultas y licencias médicas otorgadas en consulta privada año 2012 en la comuna de Talca

87 P.En este estudio se realiza la revisión y análisis de las atenciones y licencias médicas otorgadas por médico especialista de salud familiar en consulta privada durante el año 2012 en la Comuna de Talca, Región del Maule, para conocer y analizar las características de las consultas médicas y su uso, las características de las licencias médicas otorgadas y plantear ciertas propuestas a la regulación que puede hacer el Estado a través de sus instituciones para focalizar el control público del Sistema de Salud. Con este propósito se analiza una muestra de 4.606 consultas médicas realizadas en un año a una masa laboral activa de 966 personas cuyo estado de salud generó el otorgamiento de 2.126 formularios de licencias médicas, extendidas por un mismo facultativo, aprobados en su totalidad por la COMPIN. Finalmente se concluye que, si bien la normativa legal vigente, no restringe a los facultativos en cuanto al volumen de pacientes v/s número y tipo de licencias médicas otorgadas, parámetros como la intensidad de uso y el número de días promedio cada 100 cotizantes, introduce un concepto economicista centrado en el asegurador y no en el usuario del sistema con el consiguiente impacto socia

Guidelines for documenting and reporting tree allometric equations

Given the pressing need to quantify carbon fluxes associated with terrestrial vegetation dynamics, an increasing number of researchers have sought to improve estimates of tree volume, biomass, and carbon stocks. Tree allometric equations are critical tools for such purpose and have the potential to improve our understanding about carbon sequestration in woody vegetation, to support the implementation of policies and mechanisms designed to mitigate climate change (e.g. CDM and REDD+; Agrawal et al. 2011), to calculate costs and benefits associated with forest carbon projects, and to improve bioenergy systems and sustainable forest management (Henry et al. 2013)

Drivers of mangrove vulnerability and resilience to tropical cyclones in the North Atlantic Basin

The North Atlantic Basin (NAB) has seen an increase in the frequency and intensity of tropical cyclones since the 1980s, with record-breaking seasons in 2017 and 2020. However, little is known about how coastal ecosystems, particularly mangroves in the Gulf of Mexico and the Caribbean, respond to these new “climate normals” at regional and subregional scales. Wind speed, rainfall, pre-cyclone forest height, and hydro-geomorphology are known to influence mangrove damage and recovery following cyclones in the NAB. However, previous studies have focused on local-scale responses and individual cyclonic events. Here, we analyze 25 years (1996–2020) of mangrove vulnerability (damage after a cyclone) and 24 years (1996–2019) of short-term resilience (recovery after damage) for the NAB and subregions, using multi-annual, remote sensing-derived databases. We used machine learning to characterize the influence of 22 potential variables on mangrove responses, including human development and long-term climate trends. Our results document variability in the rates and drivers of mangrove vulnerability and resilience, highlighting hotspots of cyclone impacts, mangrove damage, and loss of resilience. Cyclone characteristics mainly drove vulnerability at the regional level. In contrast, resilience was driven by site-specific conditions, including long-term climate trends, pre-cyclone forest structure, soil organic carbon stock, and coastal development (i.e., proximity to human infrastructure). Coastal development is associated with both vulnerability and resilience at the subregional level. Further, we highlight that loss of resilience occurs mostly in areas experiencing long-term drought across the NAB. The impacts of increasing cyclone activity on mangroves and their coastal protection service must be framed in the context of compound climate change effects and continued coastal development. Our work offers descriptive and spatial information to support the restoration and adaptive management of NAB mangroves, which need adequate health, structure, and density to protect coasts and serve as Nature-based Solutions against climate change and extreme weather events.This research was made possible thanks to the generous support from the BNP-PARIBAS Foundation on their 2019 Climate and Biodiversity Initiative call through the CORESCAM (“Coastal Biodiversity Resilience to Increasing Extreme Events in Central America”) project.Peer reviewe

A global map of mangrove forest soil carbon at 30 m spatial resolution

With the growing recognition that effective action on climate change will require a combination of emissions reductions and carbon sequestration, protecting, enhancing and restoring natural carbon sinks have become political priorities. Mangrove forests are considered some of the most carbon-dense ecosystems in the world with most of the carbon stored in the soil. In order for mangrove forests to be included in climate mitigation efforts, knowledge of the spatial distribution of mangrove soil carbon stocks are critical. Current global estimates do not capture enough of the finer scale variability that would be required to inform local decisions on siting protection and restoration projects. To close this knowledge gap, we have compiled a large georeferenced database of mangrove soil carbon measurements and developed a novel machine-learning based statistical model of the distribution of carbon density using spatially comprehensive data at a 30&thinsp;m resolution. This model, which included a prior estimate of soil carbon from the global SoilGrids 250&thinsp;m model, was able to capture 63% of the vertical and horizontal variability in soil organic carbon density (RMSE of 10.9&thinsp;kg&thinsp;m&minus;3). Of the local variables, total suspended sediment load and Landsat imagery were the most important variable explaining soil carbon density. Projecting this model across the global mangrove forest distribution for the year 2000 yielded an estimate of 6.4&thinsp;Pg&thinsp;C for the top meter of soil with an 86&ndash;729&thinsp;Mg&thinsp;C&thinsp;ha&minus;1 range across all pixels. By utilizing remotely-sensed mangrove forest cover change data, loss of soil carbon due to mangrove habitat loss between 2000 and 2015 was 30&ndash;122&thinsp;Tg&thinsp;C with &gt;75% of this loss attributable to Indonesia, Malaysia and Myanmar. The resulting map products from this work are intended to serve nations seeking to include mangrove habitats in payment-for- ecosystem services projects and in designing effective mangrove conservation strategies

Integrating Blue: How do we make Nationally Determined Contributions work for both blue carbon and local coastal communities?

Blue Carbon Ecosystems (BCEs) help mitigate and adapt to climate change but their integration into policy, such as Nationally Determined Contributions (NDCs), remains underdeveloped. Most BCE conservation requires community engagement, hence community-scale projects must be nested within the implementation of NDCs without compromising livelihoods or social justice. Thirty-three experts, drawn from academia, project development and policy, each developed ten key questions for consideration on how to achieve this. These questions were distilled into ten themes, ranked in order of importance, giving three broad categories of people, policy & finance, and science & technology. Critical considerations for success include the need for genuine participation by communities, inclusive project governance, integration of local work into national policies and practices, sustaining livelihoods and income (for example through the voluntary carbon market and/or national Payment for Ecosystem Services and other types of financial compensation schemes) and simplification of carbon accounting and verification methodologies to lower barriers to entry

Enfermedades crónicas

Adherencia al tratamiento farmacol&oacute;gico y relaci&oacute;n con el control metab&oacute;lico en pacientes con DM2Aluminio en pacientes con terapia de reemplazo renal cr&oacute;nico con hemodi&aacute;lisis en Bogot&aacute;, ColombiaAmputaci&oacute;n de extremidades inferiores: &iquest;est&aacute;n aumentando las tasas?Consumo de edulcorantes artificiales en j&oacute;venes universitariosC&oacute;mo crecen ni&ntilde;os normales de 2 a&ntilde;os que son sobrepeso a los 7 a&ntilde;osDiagn&oacute;stico con enfoque territorial de salud cardiovascular en la Regi&oacute;n MetropolitanaEfecto a corto plazo de una intervenci&oacute;n con ejercicio f&iacute;sico, en ni&ntilde;os con sobrepesoEfectos de la cirug&iacute;a bari&aacute;trica en pacientes con s&iacute;ndrome metab&oacute;lico e IMC &lt; 35 KG/M2Encuesta mundial de tabaquismo en estudiantes de profesiones de saludEnfermedades cr&oacute;nicas no transmisibles: Consecuencias sociales-sanitarias de comunidades rurales en ChileEpidemiolog&iacute;a de las muertes hospitalarias por patolog&iacute;as relacionadas a muerte encef&aacute;lica, Chile 2003-2007Estado nutricional y conductas alimentarias en adolescentes de 4&ordm; medio de la Regi&oacute;n de CoquimboEstudio de calidad de vida en una muestra del plan piloto para hepatitis CEvaluaci&oacute;n del proceso asistencial y de resultados de salud del GES de diabetes mellitus 2Factores de riesgo cardiovascular en poblaci&oacute;n universitaria de la Facsal, universidad de Tarapac&aacute;Implicancias psicosociales en la g&eacute;nesis, evoluci&oacute;n y tratamiento de pacientes con hipertensi&oacute;n arterial esencialInfarto agudo al miocardio (IAM): Realidad en el Hospital de Puerto Natales, 2009-2010Introducci&oacute;n de nuevas TIC y mejor&iacute;a de la asistencia a un programa de saludNi&ntilde;os obesos atendidos en el Cesfam de Puerto Natales y su entorno familiarPerfil de la mortalidad por c&aacute;ncer de cuello uterino en R&iacute;o de JaneiroPerfil del paciente primo-consultante del Programa de Salud Cardiovascular, Consultorio Cordillera Andina, Los AndesPrevalencia de automedicaci&oacute;n en mujeres beneficiarias del Hospital Comunitario de Til-TiPrevalencia de caries en poblaci&oacute;n preescolar y su relaci&oacute;n con malnutrici&oacute;n por excesoPrevalencia de retinopat&iacute;a diab&eacute;tica en comunas dependientes del Servicio de Salud Metropolitano Occidente (SSMOC)Problemas de adherencia farmacol&oacute;gica antihipertensiva en poblaci&oacute;n mapuche: Un estudio cualitativoRol biol&oacute;gico de los antioxidantes innatos en pacientes portadores de VIH/SidaSobrepeso en empleados de un restaurante de una universidad p&uacute;blica del estado de S&atilde;o Paul

ABC of Climate Change in Mesoamerica

Centro Agron?mico Tropical de Investigaci?n y Ense?anza (CATIE