The Importance of Behavioral Economics during COVID-19

Behavioral Economics seeks to understand the environments where decisions are made and to build proposals to optimize them. It offers the possibility to improve the design of public policies and, therefore, to enhance their results. The appearance of COVID-19 has caused thousands of deaths and millions of infected people around the world. This article describes the main behavioral biases that people exhibit during this pandemic. In order to curb the number of infections and stop the panic, it is essential to use Behavioral Economics tools, such as those proposed in this paper, to design messages that are simple and that motivate appropriate changes in human behavior. This work shows the importance of transmitting information correctly, of being aware of our own biases and that individual responsibility is fundamental to get out of this crisis

Del régimen jurídico de la reparación de víctimas y acuerdos de paz: un estudio comparado. Tendencia sobre integralidad

Artículo de investigaciónEl presente artículo investigativo analiza el marco normativo colombiano en cuanto a la reparación de víctimas del conflicto armado en nuestro país, del mismo modo se hace un análisis jurisprudencial de la reparación de víctimas en el Sistema Interamericano de Derechos Humanos y por último se hace un estudio del acuerdo de paz llevado a cabo en El Salvador.INTRODUCCIÓN 1. CONCEPTO DE REPARACIÓN DE VÍCTIMAS 2. REGIMEN JURÍDICO DE LA REPARACIÓN DE VÍCTIMAS EN COLOMBIA 3. REPARACIÓN DE VÍCTIMAS EN EL SISTEMA INTERAMERICANO DE DERECHOS HUMANOS 4. BREVE APROXIMACIÓN AL PROCESO DE PAZ EN EL SALVADOR, UNA EXPERIENCIA PARA COLOMBIA CONCLUSIONES REFERENCIASPregradoAbogad

Diseño de un Módulo Virtual Para el Aprendizaje de Ensamble y Configuración de Computadores en la Institución Educativa de Puerto Rico Meta

In the “Institucion Educativa Urbana” in Puerto Rico Meta, there are important technological tools that are often missed that are granted by government subsidies; but with the creation of this educational module a process of technological revolution began in town.Students will have the ability to perform any assembly and installation of computer equipment showing a new job opportunity and improving the educational level with the use of information technology and communication and their minds away from the stark injustice and violence which subjected grabbed this town and its students.Innovation in education makes more striking the appropriation of concepts, and encourages students to explore many beyond what they can receive in a classroom making the experience an enriching element in the process of formation students; The application features a flash animation of how the process of assembling a pc, additionally with a video tutorial on installing and configuring multiple operating systems, an extensive glossary of terminology applied to computers and technology.Keywords: education, technological tools, appropriation of concepts, software

Hospitalización por episodios de cianosis en recién nacidos de edad gestacional igual o mayor a 34 semanas

ResumenObjetivoCaracterizar la hospitalización por episodios de cianosis en recién nacidos (RN)>34semanas.Pacientes y métodoEstudio retrospectivo que incluyó la totalidad de los RN hospitalizados por episodios de cianosis entre enero de 2007 y diciembre de 2012. En ellos se aplicaron 2 protocolos de estudio que consideraban exámenes de primera y segunda línea; estos últimos ante la recurrencia de eventos. El protocolo de primera línea consideró exámenes bioquímicos generales, radiografía de tórax y ecocardiografía en casos seleccionados, en tanto que el protocolo de segunda línea incluyó electroencefalograma, electrocardiograma, resonancia magnética nuclear encefálica, screening metabólico ampliado, ácido pirúvico, ácido láctico y en caso de convulsiones, citoquímico y cultivo de líquido cefalorraquídeo y reacción en cadena de la polimerasa para herpes.ResultadosNoventa y ocho de un total de 3.454 (2,8%) RN hospitalizados ingresaron por episodio de cianosis. La edad gestacional (EG) fue 37,8+1,36 semanas; peso al nacimiento: 3145+477g. Edad materna: 32+4,8 años. El 19,4% de las madres tenía antecedentes mórbidos: diabetes gestacional (8,1%), síndrome hipertensivo del embarazo (5,1%), colestasia intrahepática (3,1%) y retardo del crecimiento (3,1%). Género: 48,8% masculino, parto por cesárea: 68,4%. Edad al ingreso: 1,9+1,4 días; duración de la hospitalización: 4,2+4,2 días. En todos los pacientes se practicaron exámenes de primera línea y en el 39,8% exámenes de segunda línea. En el 21,4% de los RN se identificó una causa, siendo el síndrome convulsivo el más frecuente (33%). Los RN con diagnóstico asociado presentaron 3,8+2,7 episodios de cianosis versus 1,5+2,4 en el grupo sin diagnóstico (NS). El 15,4% se fueron de alta con monitor; no hubo reingresos.ConclusiónLa incidencia de hospitalización neonatal por episodios de cianosis fue de 6 por 1.000 RN vivos. Solo en cerca de un 20% de ellos es posible identificar una causa, siendo la más frecuente el síndrome convulsivo.AbstractObjectivesA retrospective study was performed between January 2007 and December 2012 to assess the admission rates of newborns due to episodes of cyanosisPatients and methodRetrospective study that included all the newborns hospitalized with episodes of cyanosis between January 2007 and December 2012. In them were employed two study protocols that considered first and second line tests, the latter in view of recurrence of events. The first line protocol considered general biochemical tests, chest x-ray and echocardiography in selected cases, while the second line protocol included electroencephalogram, electrocardiogram, nuclear magnetic resonance of the brain, expanded metabolic screening, pyruvic acid, lactic acid, and in case of seizures, cytochemical, and culture of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and PCR (polymerase chain reaction) for herpes.ResultsA total of 98 (2.8%) out of 3,454 newborns were admitted due to episodes of cyanosis. Gestational age: 37.8+1.4 weeks, birth weight: 3,145+477g. Maternal age: 32+4.8 years. Disease was present in 19.4% of mothers; gestational diabetes (8.1%), pregnancy induced hypertension (5.1%), intrahepatic cholestasis (3.1%), and intrauterine growth retardation (3.1%). Gender: 48.8% male, 51.2% female (NS). Birth: caesarean section, 68.4%, and vaginal delivery, 31.6%. Age on admission 1.9+1.4 days. Hospital stay: 4.2+4.2 days. First line tests were performed in 100% of patients with 39.8% fulfilling the criteria for second line study. A condition was detected in 21.4%, with convulsive syndrome was the most frequent (33%). Newborns with an identified condition had 3.8+2.7episodes versus 1.5+2,4 in those without diagnosis (NS). A home oxygen monitor was given to 15.4%. There were no re-admissions.ConclusionsMost newborns admitted due to cyanosis are discharged with a condition of unknown origin. In this study, convulsive syndrome was the most frequent cause

Twenty Years of Airport Efficiency – A Bibliometric Analysis

This paper analyses the scientific study on airport efficiency in the WoS (Web of Science) database for the period 2000–2019. Productivity indicators have been obtained by author, years, journals, and institutions, and an analysis of visibility, impact, and scientific collaboration through co-citations was performed. The areas of greatest application are transport, engineering, and economics. This study reveals the existence of three research lines, one on airport safety and management, another on technical efficiency using mainly the DEA method, and the third associated with airport regularization issues. An important issue which is increasingly taken into account in efficiency studies is related to environmental aspects. In the ranking of journals publishing on airport efficiency, ordered by number of articles indexed in WoS, Journal of Air Transport Management is the one with the highest number of cited articles and publications, whereas Sustainability stands out as the first non-specific journal on transport. The University of Lisbon and the University of British Columbia are the ones that deal most with airport efficiency

Situation of European airlines caused by COVID-19: restrictions, government subsidies and future prospects

The COVID-19 pandemic has been an unprecedented crisis, severely affecting the economy and many sectors, including the airline industry. This paper reviews this situation to see how airlines have acted since the beginning of COVID-19. The airline industry is dependent on financial support and subsidies to cope with the massive drop in air travel due to the coronavirus. The support received by the major airlines has been examined. In addition, a comparison has been made of all the aviation restrictions that have been implemented by different European governments. Travellers from countries with a higher incidence of cases, or with a growing rate of cases, have the most restrictions on travel to other countries. Furthermore, the strategies and protocols being implemented by certain airlines following the lifting of some of the restrictions on passenger air traffic are analysed. This paper will provide an insight into how airlines are coping with this unfavourable environment, as well as some of the future prospects and strategies of the aviation sector

Stochastic optimal generation bid to electricity markets with emissions risk constraints

© . This manuscript version is made available under the CC-BY-NC-ND 4.0 license http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/There are many factors that influence the day-ahead market bidding strategies of a generation company (GenCo) within the framework of the current energy market. Environmental policy issues are giving rise to emission limitation that are becoming more and more important for fossil-fueled power plants, and these must be considered in their management. This work investigates the influence of the emissions reduction plan and the incorporation of the medium-term derivative commitments in the optimal generation bidding strategy for the day-ahead electricity market. Two different technologies have been considered: the high-emission technology of thermal coal units and the low-emission technology of combined cycle gas turbine units. The Iberian Electricity Market (MIBEL) and the Spanish National Emissions Reduction Plan (NERP) defines the environmental framework for dealing with the day-ahead market bidding strategies. To address emission limitations, we have extended some of the standard risk management methodologies developed for financial markets, such as Value-at-Risk (VaR) and Conditional Value-at-Risk (CVaR), thus leading to the new concept of Conditional Emission at Risk (CEaR). This study offers electricity generation utilities a mathematical model for determining the unit's optimal generation bid to the wholesale electricity market such that it maximizes the long-term profits of the utility while allowing it to abide by the Iberian Electricity Market rules as well as the environmental restrictions set by the Spanish National Emissions Reduction Plan. We analyze the economic implications for a GenCo that includes the environmental restrictions of this National Plan as well as the NERP's effects on the expected profits and the optimal generation bid.Peer ReviewedPostprint (author's final draft

Stochastic optimal generation bid to electricity markets with emission risk constraints

There are many factors that influence the day-ahead market bidding strategies of a generation company (GenCo) in the current energy market framework. Environmental policy issues have become more and more important for fossil-fuelled power plants and they have to be considered in their management, giving rise to emission limitations. This work allows investigating the influence of the emission reduction plan, and the incorporation of the derivatives medium-term commitments in the optimal generation bidding strategy to the day-ahead electricity market. Two different technologies have been considered: the coal thermal units, high-emission technology, and the combined cycle gas turbine units, low-emission technology. The Iberian Electricity Market (MIBEL) and the Spanish National Emission Reduction Plan (NERP) defines the environmental framework to deal with by the day-ahead market bidding strategies. To address emission limitations, some of the standard risk management methodologies developed for financial markets, such as Value-at-Risk (VaR) and Conditional Valueat- Risk (CVaR), have been extended giving rise to the new concept of Conditional Emission at Risk (CEaR). This study offers to electricity generation utilities a mathematical model to determinate the individual optimal generation bid to the wholesale electricity market, for each one of their generation units that maximizes the long-run profits of the utility abiding by the Iberian Electricity Market rules, as well as the environmental restrictions set by the Spanish National Emissions Reduction Plan. The economic implications for a GenCo of including the environmental restrictions of this National Plan are analyzed, and the effect of the NERP in the expected profits and optimal generation bid are analyzed.Postprint (author’s final draft

Visualización dinámica de campos vectoriales aplicada a escurrimientos hídricos en llanuras

Se describe una aplicación computer graphic para la visualización de campos vectoriales bidimensionales, donde el volumen de datos es muy elevado (de hasta 25 millones de celdas). Se desarrolló una representación gráfica de las trayectorias delineadas por la liberación de partículas dentro del campo vectorial y una adaptación original del concepto de Magic Lens para la visualización dinámica de las propiedades de los campos vectoriales.Eje: Visualizació