Turbulence in a Coastal Mediterranean Area: Surface Fluxes and Related Parameters at Castel Porziano, Italy

Measurement of turbulence above a Mediterranean maquis at Castelporziano, Rom

Design and baseline characteristics of the finerenone in reducing cardiovascular mortality and morbidity in diabetic kidney disease trial

Background: Among people with diabetes, those with kidney disease have exceptionally high rates of cardiovascular (CV) morbidity and mortality and progression of their underlying kidney disease. Finerenone is a novel, nonsteroidal, selective mineralocorticoid receptor antagonist that has shown to reduce albuminuria in type 2 diabetes (T2D) patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD) while revealing only a low risk of hyperkalemia. However, the effect of finerenone on CV and renal outcomes has not yet been investigated in long-term trials. Patients and Methods: The Finerenone in Reducing CV Mortality and Morbidity in Diabetic Kidney Disease (FIGARO-DKD) trial aims to assess the efficacy and safety of finerenone compared to placebo at reducing clinically important CV and renal outcomes in T2D patients with CKD. FIGARO-DKD is a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, parallel-group, event-driven trial running in 47 countries with an expected duration of approximately 6 years. FIGARO-DKD randomized 7,437 patients with an estimated glomerular filtration rate >= 25 mL/min/1.73 m(2) and albuminuria (urinary albumin-to-creatinine ratio >= 30 to <= 5,000 mg/g). The study has at least 90% power to detect a 20% reduction in the risk of the primary outcome (overall two-sided significance level alpha = 0.05), the composite of time to first occurrence of CV death, nonfatal myocardial infarction, nonfatal stroke, or hospitalization for heart failure. Conclusions: FIGARO-DKD will determine whether an optimally treated cohort of T2D patients with CKD at high risk of CV and renal events will experience cardiorenal benefits with the addition of finerenone to their treatment regimen. Trial Registration: EudraCT number: 2015-000950-39; ClinicalTrials.gov identifier: NCT02545049

La dissociation du monoxyde d'azote dans la haute atmosphère

Doctorat en Sciencesinfo:eu-repo/semantics/nonPublishe

Ozone Fluxes over Various Plant Ecosystems in Italy: A review

Among air pollutants, ozone is the most important stressor to vegetation, which undergoes damage and biomass reduction after penetration of ozone molecules into the leaf tissues through the stomata. Stomatal ozone fluxes are considered the governing factor needed to assess risk to plant health due to ozone. Although this parameter may be calculated by modeling, direct measurements are scarce. Moreover, southern European situations, especially regarding Italy, require special attention due to the decoupling between ozone concentrations and fluxes. This work reviews ozone flux measurements made during the last 15 years through Italy.JRC.H.4-Transport and air qualit

The aeronomic dissociation of nitric oxide

info:eu-repo/semantics/publishe

Behavior of Residual Current Devices at Earth Fault Currents with DC Component

Low-voltage electrical installations are increasingly saturated with power electronic converters. Due to very high popularity of photovoltaic (PV) installations and the spread of electric vehicles (EV) as well as their charging installations, DC&ndash;AC and AC&ndash;DC converters are often found in power systems. The transformerless coupling of AC and DC systems via power electronic converters means that an electrical installation containing both these systems should be recognized from the point of view of earth fault current waveform shapes. In such installations, various shapes of the earth fault current may occur&mdash;a DC component of a high value may especially flow. The DC component included in the earth fault current influences the tripping threshold of residual current devices (RCDs)&mdash;the devices which are mandatory in certain locations. This paper presents results of the AC-type, A-type, and F-type RCDs sensitivity testing under residual currents of various compositions of the DC component. This testing has shown that the DC component may both degrade and improve the sensitivity of RCDs. Moreover, unexpected positive behaviors of RCDs in some circumstances under DC residual current is discussed. Therefore, recognizing the real sensitivity and behavior of RCDs from the point of view of the DC component is important for effective protection against electric shock, in particular, in PV installations and EV charging systems. The research results provide a new insight into the real behavior of RCDs in modern power systems and, consequently, the safety of people

Comparison of Different Algorithms for Stomatal Ozone Flux Determination from Micrometeorological Measurements

see attached document - The determination of stomatal ozone fluxes is essential to assess the potential damage to plants due to ozone uptake. This parameter is not accessible directly with measurements, but can be deduced through algorithms using observational data. Total ozone fluxes and water vapour fluxes are generally used. Water vapour fluxes give an indication on stomal aperture, which is the controlling factor of ozone uptake by vegetation. In this work, a series of observations made during the growing season over an onion field are used to show the equivalence of two algorithms found in the literature to derive ozone stomatal fluxes and both based on the similarity between ozone stomatal fluxes and water vapour stomatal fluxes. One of these algorithms uses the Penman-Monteith approach, where the water vapour pressure deficit is calculated using air temperatures; the second calculates, with another formulation, the water vapour deficit from the leaf temperature. The two approaches lead to the same results if applied properly, as shown in this work, both theoretically and numerically.JRC.H.4-Transport and air qualit

Long-term measurements of NOx and O3 soil fluxes in a temperate deciduous forest

A long-term campaign devoted to the measurement of fluxes of nitrogen oxides and ozone at the surface of a temperate deciduous forest was carried out from 1st September 2012 to 31st December 2013, using automated dynamic chambers. Soil temperature and water content profiles were recorded near the chambers in order to clarify the short-term response of the fluxes to these two variables. Bulk soil resistances against NO, NO2and O3emission or deposition were also estimated in order to understand their daily and seasonal variations. Nitric oxide was almost exclusively emitted and the annual average soil emission of 27.4 g N m−2h−1was higher than those for other deciduous European forests. The maximum daily peaks of NO emission exceeded 100 g N m−2h−1during summertime and were close to zero in winter time. On annual basis the N balance of the ecosystem as NOx showed a net emission towards the atmosphere of 1.1 kg N ha−1yr−1. This result can be explained by the strong N input through wet deposition observed at this site during the last decades. NO emission fluxes depended exponentially on soil temperature and decreased at high levels of soil water content during summertime, suggesting that the main contribution was due to aerobic nitrification processes. Soil deposition fluxes of NO2and O3were mainly governed by atmospheric processes related to the atmosphere / soil concentration differences. Soil resistances against NO2and O3deposition showed both diurnal and seasonal variations which disagree with the constant values often used in model studies.JRC.C.5-Air and Climat

Comparison of Different Algorithms for Stomatal Ozone Flux Determination from Micrometeorological Measurements

The determination of stomatal ozone fluxes is essential to assess the potential damage to plants due to ozone uptake. This parameter is not accessible directly with measurements, but can be deduced through algorithms using observational data. Total ozone fluxes and water vapour fluxes are generally used. Water vapour fluxes give an indication on stomatal aperture, which is the controlling factor of ozone uptake by vegetation. In this work, a series of observations made during the growing season over an onion field are used to show the equivalence of two algorithms found in the literature to derive ozone stomatal fluxes and both based on the similarity between ozone stomatal fluxes and water vapour stomatal fluxes. One of these algorithms uses the Penman-Monteith approach, where the water vapour pressure deficit is calculated using air temperatures; the second calculates, with another formulation, the water vapour deficit from the leaf temperature. The two approaches lead to the same results if applied properly, as shown in this work, both theoretically and numerically