Review and analysis of fire and explosion accidents in maritime transportation

The globally expanding shipping industry has several hazards such as collision, capsizing, foundering, grounding, stranding, fire, and explosion. Accidents are often caused by more than one contributing factor through complex interaction. It is crucial to identify root causes and their interactions to prevent and understand such accidents. This study presents a detailed review and analysis of fire and explosion accidents that occurred in the maritimetransportation industry during 1990–2015. The underlying causes of fire and explosion accidents are identified and analysed. This study also reviewed potential preventative measures to prevent such accidents. Additionally, this study compares properties of alternative fuels and analyses their effectiveness in mitigating fire and explosionhazards. It is observed that Cryogenic Natural Gas (CrNG), Liquefied Natural Gas (LNG) and methanol have properties more suitable than traditional fuels in mitigating fire risk and appropriate management of their hazards could make them a safer option to traditional fuels. However, for commercial use at this stage, there exist several uncertainties due to inadequate studies, and technological immaturity. This study provides an insight into fire and explosion accident causation and prevention, including the prospect of using alternative fuels for mitigating fire and explosion risks in maritime transportation

A unified fuel spray breakup model for internal combustion engine applications.

A unified approach towards modeling fuel sprays for internal combustion engines has been developed in this work. Based on a Lagrangian approach, the fuel injection process has been divided in three main subprocesses: primary atomization, drop deformation and aerodynamic drag, and secondary atomization. Two different models have been used for the primary atomization, depending on whether a high-pressure swirl atomizer or a multi-hole nozzle is used. The drop deformation and secondary atomization have been modeled based on the physical properties of the system, independent of the way the droplets were created. The secondary atomization has been further divided into four breakup regimes, based on experimental observations reported in the literature. The model has been validated using a wide array of experimental conditions, ranging from gasoline to diesel sprays. For both types of sprays, low and high ambient pressures have been used, and for the diesel sprays different injection pressures have also been utilized. Finally, the capabilities of the model are illustrated by presenting gasoline and diesel engine simulations. Overall, the model performs satisfactorily, without the need for recalibration for each condition. Small discrepancies between model predictions and experimental measurements are observed for some cases, but they can be principally attributed to uncertainties in the boundary conditions and the primary breakup modeling.Ph.D.Applied SciencesAutomotive engineeringMechanical engineeringUniversity of Michigan, Horace H. Rackham School of Graduate Studieshttp://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/125326/2/3192605.pd

Simulation of a 4-Cylinder Turbocharged Gasoline Direct Injection Engine Using a Direct Temporal Coupling Between a 1D Simulation Software and a 3D Combustion Code

Copyright © 2006 SAE International This paper presents a novel methodology to investigate engine behaviour using an original numerical approach based on the direct temporal coupling between IFP-ENGINE, a 1D engine simulation tool used for the simulation of the gas exchange system, and IFP-C3D, a 3D CFD code used to simulate combustion and pollutant emissions. The coupling method is used to compute steady conditions of the whole engine dynamic system but could also be applied for transient operating conditions. To demonstrate the capabilities of the model a 4-cylinder turbocharged gasoline engine is modelled at two different operating points and the comparison with experimental measurements is shown

18 th Int. Multidimensional Engine Modeling User's Group Meeting at the SAE Congress

ABSTRACT In 2002 the European Commission adopted a European Union strategy to reduce atmospheric emissions from seagoing ships. The strategy reports on the magnitude and impact of ship emissions in the EU, and sets out a number of actions to reduce the contribution of shipping to health and climate change. One possible approach for the reduction of NO X and soot emissions of marine diesel engines is the use of multiple injection strategies, similar to the ones used in automotive diesel engines. In this way, diesel combustion could be optimized with respect to pollutant emissions, without compromising fuel efficiency. Our interest is in investigating the potential for emissions reduction and overall optimization of combustion in large two-stroke marine diesel engines, using numerical simulation. In this context, we study the effects of advanced injection strategies by utilizing Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) tools. We use the KIVA-3 code as the modeling platform, with improved models for spray breakup, autoignition and combustion. Here, we report first results, corresponding to pilot injections, which are visualized for the fuel injection and combustion processes, and are also mapped on temperature -equivalence ratio charts (T-φ maps). This analysis reveals important information on pollutant formation mechanisms in large marine diesel engines

Coupling of a 1-D Injection Model with a 3-D Combustion Code for Direct Injection Diesel Engine Simulations

Modern diesel engines operate under injection pressures varying from 30 to 200 MPa and employ combinations of very early and conventional injection timings to achieve partially homogeneous mixtures. The variety of injection and cylinder pressures, as well as injector dynamics, result in different injection rates, depending on the conditions. These variations can be captured by 1-D injection models that take into account the dynamics of the injector, the cylinder and injection pressures, and the internal geometry of the nozzle. The information obtained by these models can be used to provide initial and boundary conditions for the spray modeling in a 3-D combustion code. In this paper, a methodology for coupling a 1-D injection model with a 3-D combustion code for direct-injected diesel engines is presented. A single-cylinder diesel engine has been used to demonstrate the capabilities of the model under varying injection conditions. Moreover, this coupling strategy opens a new methodology for 3-D calculations that do not need to fit initial conditions but use directly a 0-D model for intake/exhaust conditions and injection conditions. Using coupling strategy makes easier to run 3-D engine simulations, reduce engineering time and allows to investigate a large range of interesting phenomena