The Calibrations of Space Shuttle Main Engines High Pressure Transducers

Previously, high pressure transducers that were used on the Space Shuttles Main Engine (SSME) exhibited a severe drift after being tested on the SSME. The Experimental Testing Technology Division (ETTD) designed some new transducers that would not exhibit a severe drift over a short period of time. These transducers were calibrated at the Test Bed at Marshall Space Flight Center (MSFC). After the high pressure transducers were calibrated, the transducers were placed on the SSME and fired. The transducers were then sent to the NASA LaRC to be recalibrated. The main objectives of the recalibrations was to make sure that the transducers possessed the same qualities as they did before they were fired on the SSME. Other objectives of the project were to determine the stability of the transducers and to determine whether the transducers exhibited a severe drift

Quantifying evaporation in the lower atmosphere using machine driven curve fitting to parameterize drop size distributions

Evaporation of hydrometeors in the atmosphere is a process by which liquid water becomes water vapor. Consequences of this process can affect quantitative precipitation forecasts, convective downdrafts quantification, flooding forecasts, and many other forecasting parameters. Accurate and precise forecast modeling often misrepresents this microscale process due to the multiple feedbacks involved, and under- or mis- quantified parameters. Resolving parameters such as the drop size distribution and statistical representation will help to rectify these inadequacies. In this study, multiple observation instruments are used to observe how rain evolves in a dry atmosphere. Instruments include weather balloon radiosondes, laser disdrometers and a vertically pointing micro-rain radar (MRR). These data are then processed using a multitude of modeling methods to best quantify evaporation rates. Several case studies were conducted with the goal of observing and modeling evaporation in a dry layer. Using the MRR and disdrometer data, drop size distributions were observed from the base of the cloud layer to the surface. Calculated liquid water content was used as a parameter to compare the modeled change in water content to the MRR and disdrometer observations. Through this process, a newly developed drop size distribution parameterization using linear regression modeling and a Gaussian distribution mixture was implemented and was shown to be a better method, capturing the larger drops in the distribution. The Gaussian mixture also demonstrated an accurate parameterization in the evaporation quantification when vertical motions were accurately represented. However, accurately quantifying vertical motions using balloon data was problematic in the cases presented and will need to be the subject for future interrogation.Includes bibliographical references

Pengaruh Rasio Keuangan Terhadap Return Saham Pada Perusahaan Real Estate And Property Yang Terdaftar Di Bursa Efek Indonesia Periode Tahun 2017-2021

The research objective was to test and analyze Return On Assets (ROA), Earning Per Share (EPS), Debt to Equity Ratio (DER) and Price to Book Value (PBV) affecting Stock Returns. The research method uses quantitative. The population of this study were all Real Estate and Property companies listed on the Indonesia Stock Exchange during the 2017-2021 period, totaling 81 companies and 7 companies as samples and 35 observations, and sampling was determined by the purposive sampling method. Data analysis used multiple linear regression analysis. Partial test results obtained t count value obtained t count 2.255019) > t table (2.042) and a significant value obtained 0.0335 <0.05, so Return On Assets (ROA) has a positive and significant effect on stock returns. Value t count is obtained for t count (-1.675670) > t table (2.042) and a significant value is obtained for 0.1068 > 0.05 then Earning Per Share (EPS) has no effect on Stock Returns. The t count value is obtained for t count 0.822924) > t table (2.042 ) and a significant value is obtained for 0.4187 > 0.05, then the Debt to Equity Ratio (DER) has no effect on Stock Returns. The t count value is obtained for t count 0.014168) > t table (2.042) and a significant value is obtained 0.9888 > 0.05, then the Price to Book Value ( PBV) has no effect on stock returns. The calculated F value is obtained for F count (1.732305) < Ftable (2.5335) and a significant value is obtained 0.175771> 0.05 then Return On Assets (ROA), Earning Per Share (EPS), Debt to Equity Ratio ( DER) and Price to Book Value (PBV) have no effect on Stock Return. Keywords: Return On Assets (ROA), Earning Per Share (EPS), Debt to Equity Ratio (DER), Price to Book Value (PBV), Stock Return &nbsp

The effect of underwater massage during hot water immersion on acute cardiovascular and mood responses

Purpose: There is emerging evidence that demonstrates the health benefits of hot water immersion including improvements to cardiovascular health and reductions in stress and anxiety. Many commercially available hot tubs offer underwater massage systems which purport to enhance many benefits of hot water immersion, however, these claims have yet to be studied. Methods: Twenty participants (4 females) completed three, 30-minute sessions of hot-water immersion (beginning at 39°C) in a crossover randomized design: with air massage (Air Jet), water massage (Hydro Jet) or no massage (Control). Cardiovascular responses comprising; heart rate, blood pressure and superficial femoral artery blood flow and shear rate were measured. State trait anxiety, basic affect, and salivary cortisol were recorded before and after each trial. Data were analysed using a mixed effects model.Results: Post immersion, heart rate increased (Δ31bpm, P &lt; 0.001, d = 1.38), mean arterial blood pressure decreased (Δ16 mmHg, P&lt;0.001, d = −0.66), with no difference between conditions. Blood flow and mean shear rate increased following immersion (P &lt; 0.001, Δ362 ml/min, d = 1.20 and Δ108 s−1, d = 1.00), but these increases were blunted in the Air Jet condition (P &lt; 0.001,Δ171 ml/min, d = 0.43 and Δ52 s−1, d = 0.52). Anxiety and salivary cortisol were reduced (P = 0.003, d = −0.20, P = 0.014, d = −0.11), but did not vary between conditions. Enjoyment did not vary between conditions.Conclusion: These data demonstrate positive acute responses to hot water immersion on markers of cardiovascular function, anxiety, and stress. There was no additional benefit of water-based massage, while air-basedmassage blunted some positive vascular responses due to lower heat conservation of the water. <br/

Chromosome Level Assembly of the Comma Butterfly (Polygonia c-album)

The comma butterfly (Polygonia c-album, Nymphalidae, Lepidoptera) is a model insect species, most notably in the study of phenotypic plasticity and plant-insect coevolutionary interactions. In order to facilitate the integration of genomic tools with a diverse body of ecological and evolutionary research, we assembled the genome of a Swedish comma using 10X sequencing, scaffolding with matepair data, genome polishing, and assignment to linkage groups using a high-density linkage map. The resulting genome is 373 Mb in size, with a scaffold N50 of 11.7 Mb and contig N50 of 11,2Mb. The genome contained 90.1% of single-copy Lepidopteran orthologs in a BUSCO analysis of 5,286 genes. A total of 21,004 gene-models were annotated on the genome using RNA-Seq data from larval and adult tissue in combination with proteins from the Arthropoda database, resulting in a high-quality annotation for which functional annotations were generated. We further documented the quality of the chromosomal assembly via synteny assessment with Melitaea cinxia. The resulting annotated, chromosome-level genome will provide an important resource for investigating coevolutionary dynamics and comparative analyses in Lepidoptera.Peer reviewe

Using ERF Devices to Control Deployments of Space Structures

A report proposes devices containing electrorheological fluids (ERFs) damper for controlling deployments of lightweight, flexible structures in outer space. The structures would include spring members that could be wound or compressed for compact stowage during transport. The ERF based damper would keep the structures compacted and/or regulate the speeds with which the structures would spring out for deployment. After deployment, ERF based dampening mechanism could be used to rigidize the structures or damp their vibrations. An experimental ERF deployment controlled structure described in the report comprised two metal carpenter s measuring tapes sandwiched together, held slightly apart by rubber-band spacers, and placed in a bag filled with an ERF. The viscosity of the ERF varied with the voltage applied to the tapes, such that it was possible to hold the tapes in the wound condition or slow the speed with which they sprung from the wound to the straight condition. The report describes several potential variations on the basic concept of an ERF-controlled structural member, including compartmentalization of the interior volume to prevent total loss of the ERF in case of a leak and the use of multiple, individually addressable electrode pairs to enable more localized control

Personal and sub-personal: a defence of Dennett's early distinction

Since 1969, when Dennett introduced a distinction between personal and sub‐personal levels of explanation, many philosophers have used ‘sub‐personal’ very loosely, and Dennett himself has abandoned a view of the personal level as genuinely autonomous. I recommend a position in which Dennett's original distinction is crucial, by arguing that the phenomenon called mental causation is on view only at the properly personal level. If one retains the commit‐’ ments incurred by Dennett's early distinction, then one has a satisfactory anti‐physicalistic, anti‐dualist philosophy of mind. It neither interferes with the projects of sub‐personal psychology, nor encourages ; instrumentalism at the personal level. People lose sight of Dennett’s personal/sub-personal distinction because they free it from its philosophical moorings. A distinction that serves a philosophical purpose is typically rooted in doctrine; it cannot be lifted out of context and continue to do its work. So I shall start from Dennett’s distinction as I read it in its original context. And when I speak of ‘the distinction’, I mean to point not only towards the terms that Dennett first used to define it but also towards the philosophical setting within which its work was cut out

Post exercise hot water immersion and hot water immersion in isolation enhance vascular, blood marker, and perceptual responses when compared to exercise alone

Exercise and passive heating induce some similar vascular hemodynamic, circulating blood marker, and perceptual responses. However, it remains unknown whether post exercise hot water immersion can synergise exercise derived responses and if they differ from hot water immersion alone. This study investigated the acute responses to post moderate-intensity exercise hot water immersion (EX+HWI) when compared to exercise (EX+REST) and hot water immersion (HWI+HWI) alone. Sixteen physically inactive middle-aged adults (nine males and seven females) completed a randomized cross-over counterbalanced design. Each condition consisted of two 30-min bouts separated by 10 min of rest. Cycling was set at a power output equivalent to 50% V̇o2 peak. Water temperature was controlled at 40°C up to the mid sternum with arms not submerged. Venous blood samples and artery ultrasound scans were assessed at 0 (baseline), 30 (immediately post stressor one), 70 (immediately post stressor two), and 100 min (recovery). Additional physiological and perceptual measures were assessed at 10-min intervals. Brachial and superficial femoral artery shear rates were higher after EX+HWI and HWI+HWI when compared with EX+REST (p &lt; 0.001). Plasma nitrite was higher immediately following EX+HWI and HWI+HWI than EX+REST (p &lt; 0.01). Serum interleukin-6 was higher immediately after EX+HWI compared to EX+REST (p = 0.046). Serum cortisol was lower at 30 min in the HWI+HWI condition in contrast to EX+REST (p = 0.026). EX+HWI and HWI+HWI were more enjoyable than EX+REST (p &lt; 0.05). Irrespective of whether hot water immersion proceeded exercise or heating, hot water immersion enhanced vascular and blood marker responses, while also being more enjoyable than exercise alone

Comparative assessment of fluorescent proteins for in vivo imaging in an animal model system.

Fluorescent protein tags are fundamental tools used to visualize gene products and analyze their dynamics in vivo. Recent advances in genome editing have expedited the precise insertion of fluorescent protein tags into the genomes of diverse organisms. These advances expand the potential of in vivo imaging experiments and facilitate experimentation with new, bright, photostable fluorescent proteins. Most quantitative comparisons of the brightness and photostability of different fluorescent proteins have been made in vitro, removed from biological variables that govern their performance in cells or organisms. To address the gap, we quantitatively assessed fluorescent protein properties in vivo in an animal model system. We generated transgenic Caenorhabditis elegans strains expressing green, yellow, or red fluorescent proteins in embryos and imaged embryos expressing different fluorescent proteins under the same conditions for direct comparison. We found that mNeonGreen was not as bright in vivo as predicted based on in vitro data but is a better tag than GFP for specific kinds of experiments, and we report on optimal red fluorescent proteins. These results identify ideal fluorescent proteins for imaging in vivo in C. elegans embryos and suggest good candidate fluorescent proteins to test in other animal model systems for in vivo imaging experiments